tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69851799487831279362024-03-18T03:33:38.202-07:00Dentistry and MedicineMedicine is the science and art of healing. Dentistry is the branch of medicine which deals with Oral and Maxillofacial region of the body. Purpose of this blog is to share the knowledge Which regards to Medicine and Dentistry. Here We share Lecture Notes in Dentistry (Dental Lecture Notes)and Medical/Medicine Lecture Notes for Dental and Medical Students, Doctors and Post graduates.Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.comBlogger358125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-30687940409526477552019-11-11T01:59:00.000-08:002019-11-16T12:07:11.103-08:00WHO 2017 Classification of tumours of Salivary Glands<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZXv8yWSwHwXuDupZjt_pNk1lZlePVvx52PfI-zwICLa9yUGsfiR0zGWS-FWf2ZHiyJR7q4HdFf_szq6r0vTlKFMvv-2-YPSMOEFT0GruYxzHV965v7KXKUakFp0HmmKCk0lHdZ-hpsM/s1600/WHO+classification-page-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1132" data-original-width="1600" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZXv8yWSwHwXuDupZjt_pNk1lZlePVvx52PfI-zwICLa9yUGsfiR0zGWS-FWf2ZHiyJR7q4HdFf_szq6r0vTlKFMvv-2-YPSMOEFT0GruYxzHV965v7KXKUakFp0HmmKCk0lHdZ-hpsM/s640/WHO+classification-page-001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-90068484942228063902018-03-14T12:11:00.000-07:002018-03-14T12:16:41.691-07:00Physiology of liver<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anatomical aspects</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Liver is the largest visceral organ</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Essential for life</span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">Hepatic lobule –Contains Central efferent hepatic venule with cords of hepatocytes and </span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">sinusoids converging on to the venule.</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="images" height="394" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/JgU9IJckiH4iSLIm5m7RDcuE2fE8glctxStBNI5PxQs7Cq614joHqP6rHTC1xEvBJshfNA4F8e6yGSomc5PfohVbugM4iDPb1yIlgZITlvwlabvCAqQ_zFKDYNfv_GKN7zAzr7WGoSdF55fz2g" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="567" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arrangement of Liver cells</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Liver Acinus</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Functional unit of liver.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lie as parenchymal mass between 2 centrilobular veins.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Core of acinus contains portal triad </span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="images 4" height="437" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-VDiX-N_ZNUkGXm5Z9iDvAakkRXbtuPl7Rwu-AOVRYVet1TNCYxz6BV0GXPrI9Y-yL9NQ8yBW2IV7TmzqHO-71cvjpRk7wW5ggeGlTcyz2D9wtYOjEcq4Oh7AykGdnW-ypZjojyyIT_dsFeE9Q" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="437" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Liver acinus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Acinus mainly consist of – 3 functional zones</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Zone 1- Periportal</span></div>
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<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Highest O</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> consumption</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Highest metabolic rate</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Protein synthesis</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Secrete glucose into sinusoids. </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img alt="images 5" height="320" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/05Lhz_L-YQxh9BeeLsiCwWsADAGcSrfY0qZJE6RJJdxb8XfypZzMdjaMJJlMrOAxaCN8K6SkFae6ehmiYFPFXX6vfKp-jlSDMYlQ-zbBGDS98gkliXuRaVlT4VxKjpphp-uiJkqASs2Fze1RSA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="480" /></span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Zone 2 – mediolobular</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Intermediate oxygen supply</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Intermediate enzyme activity</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Zone 3 - centrilobular </span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Least oxygen supply</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">High concentration cytochrome P-450</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Drug biotransformation</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Utilize glucose</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-8f5a15a4-25ea-5cbb-5c05-780a06c9e411" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Liver Sinusoids</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img alt="images 7" height="310" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/5oq1yaQkafEDWhtzdlmnHUwWT8qxkFJ5BdAy9pMMelqeTHL_6A5aT42C-hWRlz4-HuE84Koitbsl9iGdoTuAi4CJIPOt5OZa_anca9Ig7PWptiIakOhn5Aw3odabBdrvu80Xh_5jZTQxrJx-CA" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="357" /></span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Liver sinusoids are low pressure microcirculatory system</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sphincters at hepatic arteriole, hepatic venous sinusoid and arteriolar portal shunts.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reservoir for blood </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Types of Cells</span></div>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="images 3" height="237" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/4SsixmDSeWp8HIRwjOCxqIvgcNmtY-0gad33wljcM9MIW9IStutcLHJscbbGuAGp-EspJqCrfF41mYlgbGgVXHbG10PDTE_-YBZ_f2l3FLEQV8EccCeOy3VRHwBzlCzB8J1JDOKBvqdMQxUSXg" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="404" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cells of Liver<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Hepatocyte</li>
<li>Kupffer cell</li>
</ol>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br />Functions of Liver</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Carbohydrate metabolism</span></div>
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<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Maintain blood glucose – glucose buffer function</span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Stores glycogen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
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</ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Glucose uptake</span></div>
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<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Into portal venous system from gut– energy dependent active process</span></div>
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</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Into hepatocyte from portal venous system - passive </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Major components of Carbohydrate Metabolism handled by liver</span></div>
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<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Glycogen synthesis</span></div>
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</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gluconeogenesis</span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Glycolysis</span></div>
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</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reduced NADPH formation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="360" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/5b69bPA-dcMPYtb5piTTmVpyounvj4Cqj5NpMMzEKPYXWLBxR_RXLKNmytgNV1gq05SfKEJVpq-Hvr6tnt7HFiFnfbD_BS7dPzQbfeiCt_35BKmlhMuss1_FS9RclV9NvOVoOWdDC9EvN2gLvg" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="480" /></span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lipid Metabolism</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Synthesis of fatty acids which are converted to triacylglycerol & VLDL</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Partial oxidation of FA to ketone bodies</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Cholesterol metabolism</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">80% converted to bile</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">20% bound to lipoprotein in blood</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bile production</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">At a rate of 1L/day.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Concentrated in gall bladder</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Produce bile acids from cholesterol– cholic acid & chenodeoxycholic acid</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bile acids + glycine/taurine = bile salts</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bile salts - Emulsify dietary fat</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Absorb fat soluble vitamins- A,D,E,K </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reabsorbed at terminal ileum- portal circulation- liver “enterohepatic circulation” </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Bilirubin Metabolism</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Formed in RES from haemoglobin </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Transported to liver bound to albumin</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Conjugated with glucuronide; secreted in bile</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Conjugated bilirubin - Urobilinogen in gut</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Protein Metabolism</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Anabolism</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Catabolism</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Remove AA’s from blood for gluconeogenesis and protein synthesis</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Release AA’s into blood for other tissues</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Breakdown AA’s – remove N</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> as urea</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Protein Anabolism</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">AA’s & short peptides delivered to liver from gut</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Synthesize</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Albumin – 120-300mg/kgBW/day</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">α</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, α</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">2</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, β globulins – transport proteins</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Haptoglobulin, α</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">1 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">anti-trypsin,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">α</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">2 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">macroglobulin, antithrombin III, α</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 6.6pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: sub; white-space: pre;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> acid glycoprotein & </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C reactive protein</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vitamin K dependent clotting factors – II, VII, IX, X</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vit K independent clotting factors – V, VIII, IX, XII, XIII</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Purine & Pyrimidine bases </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Protein Catabolism</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Rate of protein turnover – 10 days</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Muscle – 180 days</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">AA degradation by transamination, deamination and decarboxylation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Produce acetyl CoA, oxyglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate – enter citric acid cycle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Urea synthesis</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">AA degradation ammonia – toxic</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Converted to urea- in ornithine cycle </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">100 g protein – 30g urea</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Creatine synthesis</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Synthesized from methionine, glycine and arginine.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phosphocreatine stored in muscle – back up energy</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phosphocreatine creatinine</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phagocytic function</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">By Kupffer cells</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Infective, inflammatory and tissue injury substances</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phagocytosed material degraded by lysosomal enzymes </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Storage functions</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Glycogen</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Triglycerides</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vitamins – A, D, E, K and B’s</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Iron – excess as ferritin</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Copper</span></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Drug Metabolism</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Eliminate exogenous and endogenous compounds</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lipophilic /partially ionised hydrophilic</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2 phases</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phase I – oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phase II- Glucuronidation, Sulphation, acetylation</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phase I </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Increase hydrophilicity</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Oxidative catalysed by cytochrome P-450 in smooth ER</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reductase & hydrolase – cytoplasm</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Some products - active</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Phase II</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Occur In cytoplasm</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Glucuronidation – glucuronosyl transferases</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Most inactive products</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Drug clearance affected by</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic blood flow</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Plasma protein binding</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Enzymatic activity</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Liver Blood Flow</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1.5 L/min</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">25% of cardiac output</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic artery & portal vein</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic artery</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">30% total hepatic flow</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">40-50% total hepatic oxygen supply</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Oxygen saturation 98%.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Pressure similar to systemic BP</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">High resistance in hepatic arteriole – pressure 35mmHg</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic sinusoidal pressure 2 mmHg – due to ratio of pre sinusoidal/post sinusoidal resistance </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Innervated muscular coat.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Portal vein</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">70% of liver blood flow</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">50-60% of basal oxygen supply</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Oxygen sats – fasting state – 85%</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 90pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">increased gut activity – reduced</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Valveless vein</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Low pressure (5-10mmHg), low resistance, low velocity system</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic veins</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To IVC via R & L hepatic veins</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic veno-constriction</span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Norepinephrine</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Angiotensin</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic nerve stimulation</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Histamine</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic venous pressure influenced by</span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">IPPV</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">IAP</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gravity</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 54pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gut wall activity</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic Microvasculature</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img alt="image 2" height="244" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/1GrDpJgUQOYqLjHz6Y2z_wJvH2lG6Go3StOpO68ZeVgBFidQdzY24GQwoNZ8I5iQlBdkSBdElPSAcEYEaTBkQ3M6WM25ilwZfZ8g5NjkAPYaqxb7tvz1LzOwz8y5JbQiAyDOHPVCCQ1pnp0H0g" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="306" /></span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sinusoid – formed by hepatic arteriole and portal venule</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Flow to central vein</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Pressure 2mm Hg.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Oxygen consumption increased by increased oxygen extraction at sinusoids.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Capacitance function</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reservoir volume 450ml</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Mobilized in hypovolaemia by catecholamines.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Act as buffer against increased blood volume</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Regulation </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">High blood flow</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Increased oxygen demand leads to increased oxygen extraction ; </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">not an increase in blood flow</span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Intrinsic control</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Extrinsic control </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Intrinsic control</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Autoregulation</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In hepatic artery</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">When pressure reduce flow is maintained by lowering resistance until SBP<80mmHg.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Portal vein </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">No autoregulation</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Flow related linearly to pressure</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Semi-reciprocal interrelationship</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">Reduction in portal venous blood flow increase hepatic arterial blood flow </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">by decreasing hepatic arterial resistance.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">No change in portal venous blood flow with reduction in </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">hepatic arterial blood flow – no autoregulation</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">“Hepatic arterial buffer response”</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Due to intrahepatic </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">adenosine</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> - Reduced portal blood flow – </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">adenosine build up- hepatic artery vasodilatation </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Myogenic mechanism</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Increased hepatic venous pressure increase hepatic arterial resistance and </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">decrease hepatic arterial blood flow. </span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">eg. CCF </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Extrinsic Control</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hepatic artery – α & β adrenergic receptors & dopamine receptors</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Portal vein – α adrenergic & dopamine receptors </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Epinephrine – </span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Portal venous constriction</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Initial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation of hepatic artery</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Dopamine- minimal effects at physiological concentrations</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Glucagon – increase hepatic blood flow by vasodilatation</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">VIP & secretin – Vasodilate hepatic artery; no effects on portal vein</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Angiotensin II- Vasoconstrict both</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vasopressin – Vasoconstrict and reduce portal blood flow </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Increase hepatic blood flow</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Feeding </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hypercapnia</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Decrease hepatic blood flow</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Spontaneous breathing – hepatic venous outflow reduced in inspiration and vice versa</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vigorous exercise – splanchnic vasoconstriction – reduced hepatic blood flow.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">IPPV- reduced CO </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hypocapnia – increase resistance in portal system. </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hyperoxia- little effect</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Hypoxia – initial increase return to baseline in 20 min. </span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Acute Haemorrhage</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Portal venous flow reduced than hepatic arterial flow.</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Increased oxygen extraction</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Mobilize 50% of reservoir blood into systemic circulation by sympathetic stimulation.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #c00000; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Effect of anaesthetic agents</span></div>
</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Epidural & spinal – reduce total hepatic blood flow – reduced portal venous blood flow and MAP.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Halothane – greatest reduction in total hepatic blood flow. </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">Reduce hepatic arterial flow and portal blood flow. ‘Reduce buffer response’</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Enflurane- lesser reduction</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Isoflurane – reduced portal venous flow; normal or increased hepatic arterial flow; </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">preserved buffer response </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">TPS, etomidate, propofol </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "noto sans symbols"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Dose dependent reduction in hepatic blood flow – </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">reduced CO and obtundation of buffer response. </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-32084876185586396742018-03-03T11:32:00.000-08:002018-03-07T12:23:02.064-08:00Anatomy of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><b>"Temporomandibular joint forms the
craniomandibular articulation"</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Two synovial joints (right and left) connected with a single
bone “the Mandible” makes the joint unique. Further coordinated movements of
both joints facilitates the mandibular movements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Boney components <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Contyle of mandible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Squamous temporal bone of
the skull <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">TMJ is a Complex joint – by function and by structure<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizvyGkwyuBLsbrP60XzUFMGBsLMTd6QYaZrvl-vpeCgMfhdbAzGK6ufaiTigS2ovvcRp0fsqX5BVl8s-rs2zOjJtBVuk7us68SOTFOsbI-yZMqbG_j95HCpYonxleck-lF-ai1RlZRK5Y/s1600/TMJ+movments.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="185" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizvyGkwyuBLsbrP60XzUFMGBsLMTd6QYaZrvl-vpeCgMfhdbAzGK6ufaiTigS2ovvcRp0fsqX5BVl8s-rs2zOjJtBVuk7us68SOTFOsbI-yZMqbG_j95HCpYonxleck-lF-ai1RlZRK5Y/s400/TMJ+movments.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Also it is a “Ginglymoarthoridal” jt <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hinging movement – Ginglymoid movement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Gliding
movement – Arthroidal movement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Another classification of joints classify TMJ as a Compound
Jt</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">By definition compound jt is joint composed of 3 or more
bones</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">TMJ is composed of 2 bones , but considered compound jt because articular discis is considered
functionally non ossified bone</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">TMJ differs from other diarthoidal joints of the body</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -180pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>I.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -180pt;">TMJ forms bilateral diarthrosis – functioning both Lt<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rt joints together</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 180pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -180pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>II.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage instend of
hyaline cartilage<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 180pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -180pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">TMJ is the only joint which has argitend point of closure,
because when the mouth is closed the teeth come into occlusal contact<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">The Disc<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dense fibrous tissue <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Devoid of blood vessels and
nerves. Therefore it does not manifest marked inflammation in trauma.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Four Regions <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Anterior<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Intermediated – sits along
articular eminence<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Posterior – Thickest – 12 ‘o
clock on contyle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Bilaminar region (Contains
Blood vessels)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Collagen type I – Mainly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Superficial layers – Parallel
to anterior-posterior direction <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Central – Oriented random fashion
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">This arrangement provide
ability with stand forces<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG6m44R8-ZArI2aVKzswIHjzoIAyCIOMX5dbQ3mj4BBxLA0AWe8Tkafom9T20Zne2tyytyTgm5qIhyhlpn3CqTeXoYUT42NHs8Jx2ZahqRHVDt_1WK5fwOayCMxbbh_iN-aJL05PrmfI8/s1600/tmp57128_thumb_thumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="640" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG6m44R8-ZArI2aVKzswIHjzoIAyCIOMX5dbQ3mj4BBxLA0AWe8Tkafom9T20Zne2tyytyTgm5qIhyhlpn3CqTeXoYUT42NHs8Jx2ZahqRHVDt_1WK5fwOayCMxbbh_iN-aJL05PrmfI8/s640/tmp57128_thumb_thumb.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Structure of Temporomandibluar joint</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Anteriorly Disc divides into two lamellae <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Superior Lamella – Fuse with
capsule<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the periosteum of the anterior
slope of articular eminence <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Inferior Lamella – anterior
surface of the neck of the condyle <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mid – with fibers of lateral
pterygoid muscle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Muscles of Mastication<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Although they are called muscles of
mastication, they always function with other groups of the face, tongue, soft
palate & hyoid bone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Masseter</u> </span> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Superficial
Part<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Arises from lower
border<b> </b>of Zygomatic arch<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Fibers directed
downward back wards<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Insert along the
angle of the mandible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Insertion-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lower 1/3 of the posterior border of the ramus and along lower boarder
of the mandible to the 8 tooth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Deep Part<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Inserts above superficial masseter along the ramus of the mandible<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Function<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Elevation of the mandible<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Nerve Supple<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 183.75pt 353.25pt;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> V Nerve > Mandibular
branch > Masseteric
Nerve</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNOTKX1gxdPpCGVMviIIG0OiqflFLUY1Oxi0yuCQzzNIknhKOxihfWl4dAjBfw00wgruugk8OSqX2GxTxs6oz3WG3Ut_FKnLkNg2QeNHvkVgdUyKgeVqPhei0Ym_os0onI9Jj_0EO0kxs/s1600/Masster+and+temporalis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1292" data-original-width="1230" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNOTKX1gxdPpCGVMviIIG0OiqflFLUY1Oxi0yuCQzzNIknhKOxihfWl4dAjBfw00wgruugk8OSqX2GxTxs6oz3WG3Ut_FKnLkNg2QeNHvkVgdUyKgeVqPhei0Ym_os0onI9Jj_0EO0kxs/s640/Masster+and+temporalis.png" width="608" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-tab-count: 3;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Temporalis</span></span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Fan shaped muscle<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Attachment of large muscle
extend to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>I.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Small portion of parietal bon- extends
above<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>II.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Greater Portion of the savamous
portion of the temporal bone<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>III.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Temporal surface of the frontal
bove<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>IV.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Temporal surface of greater
wing of the sphenoid bove<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 110.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Temporal Fascia attaches to
supra temporal in border of the zygomatic arch.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Temporal Fascia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Thickens When passing
downwards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Splits in to two layers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Superficial layer blends
periosteum of the lateral Surface of the Zygomatic arch.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Deep Portion blunts T medial
Surface.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Many of the muscle fibers
original from the medial surface of the temporal fascia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Insertion of temporalis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Coronoid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Process<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Antero medial Surface of the
ramus of the mandible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Function<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Elevates the mandible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Innervation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Deep temporal branches arising
from the mandibular division of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>V<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Medial Pterygoid</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Heads </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Superficial Head</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Deep head</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Deep head- Originates from medial Surface
of lateral Pterygoid plate a Pyarmydal Process of the Palatine bone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Inserted in to Roughened medial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surface of the mandible near the angle of the
mandible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Superficial Head-Originals from Tuberosity
of the maxilla adjacent Pyramidal process of the Palatine bone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Joins with deep head to in sear in to
mandible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Runs-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Downwards<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Backwards<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laterally<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Innervated by – Nerve to medial Pterygoid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>_ Branch of the mandibular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>_ Division of the Trigeminal Nerve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOzwF5dFQ0GPZI_KQePI11l8j84WjmSKACsM6ugfuAxLdzn8DOuFkC9cV4Bz-Rg2n1sxe0IlAuR2AOx0e2Nuygy3RZT0REZB4bgu_zhElgfsJo7BoP_oUz4YyWYcBLjqmuoNSBSX7K2Bo/s1600/Medial+and+lateral+pterygoids.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1250" data-original-width="1579" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOzwF5dFQ0GPZI_KQePI11l8j84WjmSKACsM6ugfuAxLdzn8DOuFkC9cV4Bz-Rg2n1sxe0IlAuR2AOx0e2Nuygy3RZT0REZB4bgu_zhElgfsJo7BoP_oUz4YyWYcBLjqmuoNSBSX7K2Bo/s640/Medial+and+lateral+pterygoids.png" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>Lateral Pterygoid</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Two heads<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Superior head<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Inferior head<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US">Superior head </span></u><span lang="EN-US">– Originals from infra temporal
Surface of the grater wing of sphenoid.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Runs backwards, laterally, almost horizontally and
insert to the disk capsule of the TMJ the condyle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Function – Stabilizer the mandibular condyle against the reticular
eminence during mastication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US">Inferior head</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> - Originals from lateral
Surface of lateral Pterygoid plate.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Fibers extend Back wads, Upwads Out wads to
insert in to neck of the condyle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Function<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Protrusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Lateral excursion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Innervation<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;">Branch of buccal nerve- From mandible division
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>V<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Other muscles</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Digastrics<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Mylohyoid<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Geniohyoid<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Platysma<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-56741960364395458292017-07-05T18:42:00.004-07:002017-07-05T18:42:53.567-07:00Guess What ????<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFz7NTM6mn1vV1_ccDVGSONxf_YmfCqiR-hzGyx1KJMYESS9EF9JGgzw1uVxdz47BBlGBucJLseAutfIIlXMrz9HV1zvezBu07iK-pCNbb6h1TJBJMK4NomxwDuXah9AGTraTR_zXz700/s1600/20160525_141715.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1581" data-original-width="1465" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFz7NTM6mn1vV1_ccDVGSONxf_YmfCqiR-hzGyx1KJMYESS9EF9JGgzw1uVxdz47BBlGBucJLseAutfIIlXMrz9HV1zvezBu07iK-pCNbb6h1TJBJMK4NomxwDuXah9AGTraTR_zXz700/s320/20160525_141715.jpg" width="296" /></a></div>
63 year old male patient presented to the X clinic complaining of burning sensation in left side floor of the mouth for 2 weeks. Past medical history revealed no significant findings. Patient is a known betel chewer for 25-30 years (5-6 quids per day with all ingredients). Also patient is a occasional smoker and consuming alcohol. Extra oral examination revealed no palpable lymph nodes on both sides neck. Intra orally patient had a white patch on the floor of the mouth in elation to 34, 35, 36 region and it didn't removed when tired to rub off with gauze. Diagnosis???<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Answer : Leukoplakia (Leukoplakia is a clinicall white patch that cannot be classified clinically or hitopathologically in to any other disease entity.) There are two types of leukoplakias namely homogenous and non-homogenous.</b></span><br />
<br />
Further reading : <a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2012/05/leukoplakia.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Click here for</span> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Leukoplakia</b></span></a>Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-8531795081001862792016-08-05T10:05:00.000-07:002016-08-05T10:07:51.156-07:00Circulatory system physiology Multiple choice questions(MCQ) with Answers<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 1.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Blood volume</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Can be measured
by a dilution technique using inulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is approximately
7% of the body weight of an adult<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Relative to the
body weight in an infant is less than in an adult<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is decreased by
long residence at high altitude<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is increased in
pregnancy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 2.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>With knowledge of
the packed cell volume following can be used to measure the blood volume</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Chromium labelled
red blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Inulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Sodium
thiocyanate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Evans blue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Iodinated human
serum albumin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 3.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Cytotoxic killer
cells</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Kill by releasing
perforins into the target cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Formation is
stimulated by helper T cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Do not play a
role in the development of autoimmunity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are increased in
transplant recipients<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Stimulate humoral
immunity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 4.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Eosinophilia
occurs in </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Asthma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Acute bacterial
infection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Helminthic
infestation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Military TB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Hepatic cirrhosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>5.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Increased
eosinophils are found in </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">TB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Syphilis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Acute adenitis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Hodgkin’s disease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Lymphosarcoma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>6.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Plasma cells</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are strongly
phagocytic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are normally
present in bone marrow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Contains large
amount of RNA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Synthesizes
proteins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Produces
immunoglobulins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>7.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Lymphocytes</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are found only in
the lymph nodes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Have a shorter
life than neutrophils<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Can be
transformed into blast cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Stimulated to
multiply by corticosteroids<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are particularly
sensitive to radiation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 8.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>T lymphocytes</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Do not
participate in humoral immunity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are responsible
for the production of lymphokines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are transformed
into plasma cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are activated by
interleukins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are significantly
depleted in the AIDS complex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 9.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Red blood cells</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Haemolyse in
hypertonic saline<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Disintegrate to
release erythropoietin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are relatively
inelastic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are smaller than
normal in foliate deficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Are smaller than
normal in iron deficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 10.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Haemoglobin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Contains ferric
irons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">May be oxidized
to methaemoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Combines with
carbon dioxide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is a stronger
acid when oxygenated<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has the same
molecular structure as myoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 11.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Haemoglobin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has a greater
affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is not filtered
at the renal glomeruli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has the same
molecular weight as myoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is formed in the healthy
adult at a rate of about 6g/day<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Concentration in
red cells rises in macrocytic anaemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 12.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>
Fetal haemoglobin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has one iron atom
per molecule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has a different
amino acid composition in globin as compared with adult haemoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has an O2
dissociation curve shifted to the right as compared to adult haemoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is present in the
blood in sickle cell disease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Oxygen uptake is
not affected by chances in the pCO2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 13.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Diagnostic
features of homozygous thalassaemia include</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Hypochromia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Reduction in HbA2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Increase in HbF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Normal or high
serum iron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Megaloblasts in
the bone marrow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 14.</span><!--[endif]--></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Following
are frequently seen in sickle cell disease in the adult</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Splenomegaly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Jaundice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Dysphagia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Aseptic necrosis
of bone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Leg ulcers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 15.</span><!--[endif]--></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>The
age of 70 years red cell formation is found in the bone marrow of </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Femur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Tibia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Sternum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Ribs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>16.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Erythropoiesis</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In the fetus
takes place in liver and spleen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is stimulated by
hypoxia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is increased in
hypothyroidism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is decreased in
myeloid leukaemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Stimulated by
aldosterone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 17.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Erythropoietin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Cases a rise in
the reticulocyte percentage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Level in blood is
reduced after bilateral nephrectomy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is essential for
the synthesis of haemoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is a glycoprotein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is secreted by
cells in the bone marrow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>18.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Erythropoietin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is secreted by
cells of the liver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Secretion is
increased in cyanotic congenital heart disease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Level in plasma
is increased during residence in high altitude<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Increases the
number of red cell precursors in bone marrow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Has an immediate
action in increasing the circulating red cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b> 19.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Red
cell breakdown products increase</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Plasma bilirubin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Porphyrins in the
urine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Haemosiderin
depositon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Plasma alkaline
phosphate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Blood uric acid
concentration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>20.</b></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Bilirubin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is mainly
produced in the liver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In the
unconjugated state is moderately soluble in water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is conjugated
with glucoronic acid in the liver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is converted to
urobillinogen in the liver<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Is found in the
urine in haemolytic anaemia<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Answers Soon..</span></b></div>
</div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-79017302600207159732016-07-25T09:07:00.003-07:002016-07-25T09:20:43.968-07:00General Pathology Multiple choice questions (MCQ)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgezZFsdlR4sYjww0HhuOejtJhBFoMCDn18Yu4HH_w1Nk4s_Y34YAlDvPhJSTtnxxKoaAyO-NgnV8lQGgE_AgMc6bBQRI7j_v6hGFe7gJDUNjqKKmQW9AQbDreu5YCtwtE8N3P3hhMMTDI/s1600/Inflammation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgezZFsdlR4sYjww0HhuOejtJhBFoMCDn18Yu4HH_w1Nk4s_Y34YAlDvPhJSTtnxxKoaAyO-NgnV8lQGgE_AgMc6bBQRI7j_v6hGFe7gJDUNjqKKmQW9AQbDreu5YCtwtE8N3P3hhMMTDI/s320/Inflammation.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">1.
Regarding cell injury and death<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Initially there is a reduction
in cell size during cell necrosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Apoptosis is associated with an
inflammatory response<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Necrosis results from caspases
sequestered in mitochondrial membranes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Cellular swelling and fatty
change indicate reversible cell injury<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">2.
In which of the following organs is steatosis NOT seen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Heart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Kidney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Lung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Liver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">3.
Dystrophic calcification can occur in<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Coagulative necrosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Caseous necrosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Enzyme necrosis of fat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">All the above<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">4.
Cholesterol and its esters are<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Metabolised in a loosely
regulated system within cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Are seen as xanthomas within
monocytes in tendons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Accumulate in macrophages in
the gallbladder known as cholesterosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Are seen in the media propria
of the aorta in atherosclerosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">5.
Progressive atrophy of the brain in later adult life is thought to be part due
to<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Decreased workload<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Loss of innervation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Diminished blood supply<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Loss of endocrine stimulation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">6.
Inflammation is<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Fundamentally a destructive
response acutely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Is characterised by exudation
of fluid and migration of neutrophils<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Results in scarring thru
regeneration of native parenchymal cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Is activated by Toll like
receptors on microbes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">7.
The most common mechanism for the formation of leaky endothelium in
inflammation is<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Endothelial retraction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Direct endothelial injury<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Leukocyte mediated endothelial
injury<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Endothelial cell contraction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">8,Regarding
mediators of inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Histamine is a preformed
vasoactive mediator causing arteriole vasoconstriction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Histamine is considered to be
the principle mediatory of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular
permeability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Nitric oxide has dual actions
in inflammation, it relaxes vascular smooth muscle and also promotes the
cellular response in the inflammatory response<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Platelet activating factor is
found unique to platelets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">9.
In leukocyte migration thru blood vessels in inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Extravasation of the leukocyte
occurs in the order of: adhesion to the wall, margination and then rolling of
the leucocyte across the endothelial wall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Selectins are the primary
molecule who play roles with neutrophil activation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Integrins are involved in firm adhesion of the leucocyte to
the cell wall<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Endothelial cells will take
6-12hrs before they express their selctin ( E selectin ) in inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">10.
Regarding some inflammatory patterns<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">When mesothelial cells of the
peritoneum, pleural and pericardial linings secrete fluid it is usually of a
fibrinous nature<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">A serous exudation consists
primarily of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis and oedematous fluid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">When there are large vascular
leaks or an associated procoagulant stimulus you commonly see a suppurative
exudate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Ulcers can only occur when
tissue necrosis and the resultant inflammation is on or near a surface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">11.In
chronic inflammation, all are true except<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">It can be caused by prolonged
exposure to toxic agents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">It involves mononuclear
inflammatory cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">It may contribute to the
formation of atherosclerosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">It primarily involves tissue
destruction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">12.
The complement system<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Most critical step is the
proteolysis of the 3<sup>rd</sup> component C3 to C3a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Is only involved in innate
immunity reactions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Causes decreased vascular
permeability, chemotaxsis and opsonization of leukocytes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Is a loosely controlled pathway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">13,
Regarding wound healing, <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">The inflammatory response in
primary healing is more intense than in secondary healing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">At 1 week , the wound strength
is 20% of that of unwounded skin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Wound contraction is due in
part to fibroblast contraction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">In primary union, collagen
fibres appear with granulation tissue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">14.The
most important cause of delay of healing is<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Inadequate blood supply<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Infection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Foreign body presence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Poor nutritional state of the
patient<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">15.
Regarding the extracellular matrix, which is NOT CORRECT?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Fibronectin in its plasma form
is involved in blood clot stabilisation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Laminin is the most abundant
glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Vit D is required for the
hydroxylation of procollagen to collagen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">The cross linking of collagen
is important in providing tensile strength to a wound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">16.
The causes of liver steatosis do not include:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Alcohol abuse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Protein malnutrition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">XI-antitrypsin deficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">CCl4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">17.Regarding
metastatic calcification, which of the following is not a cause?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Renal failure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Paget’s disease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Sarcoidosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Hypoparathyroidism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">18. Depletion
of AtP cause all EXCEPT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><sup><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></sup><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">efflux of Ca<sup>2+<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">efflux of K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">influx of Na<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">decrease pH cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">19.The
most common causes of fatty liver in the developed world are<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Hypercholesterolaemia and lipid
storage diseases<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Alcohol abuse and
hypercholesterolaemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">NAFLD and alcohol abuse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">NAFLD and hypercholesterolaemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">20 .Examples of intracellular accumulations of
lipid do NOT include<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Niemann-Pick disease type C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Atherosclerosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Xanthomas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Amyloidosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">21. .Regardig
white cell extravasation in acute inflammation which of the following pairs are</span></b><span lang="EN-NZ"> incorrect <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">P selectin: neutrophil rolling <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">ICAM: neutrophil rolling <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">E selectin neutrophil rolling <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">CD34: neutrophil rolling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">22.Which
of the following disorders are examples of chronic leukocyte induced injury <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Arthritis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Asthma <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Atherosclerosis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Septic shock<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">23.Leukotrienes
does not mediate the following actions <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Vasoconstriction <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Chemotaxis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Increased vascular permiability
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Vasodilatation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">24.Which
is NOT true regarding blood clot formation?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">The clot contains red cells,
fibrin, fibronectin and complement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Within 24 hours of injury,
macrophages migrate in along the fibrin scaffold<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Neutrophils release proteolytic
enzymes that clean out debris and bacteria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Platelet adhesion and
aggregation, and formation of the clot leads to inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">25. Which of the following is true about
formation of granulation tissue:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Granulation tissue forms around
day 6 from proliferation of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Characteristic histological
feature is presence of new small blood vessels (angiogenesis) and proliferation
of fibroblasts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">The new vessels in angiogenesis
are tight and restrict passage of plasma proteins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">There is a similar amount of granulation
tissue in wounds healing by both primary and secondary intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">26. The following complications of healing
are true, except:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Hypertrophic scars result from
accumulation of granulation tissue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Keloid scars grow beyond the
boundaries of the original wound and don't regress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Dehiscence, common after
abdominal surgery, is due to increased abdominal pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Wounds can ulcerate because of
inadequate vascularisation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">27. Which is NOT true regarding wound
healing?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">A scar is composed of fibroblasts,
collagen, elastic tissue and other ECM components. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Wound contraction is important
in healing by secondary intention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">The initial matrix of fibrin,
fibronectin and type I collagen is ultimately replaced by type III collagen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">The tensile strength after one
week in an incisional surgical wound is about 10% of unwounded skin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">28. Which
of the following is not an example of peripheral immunologic tolerance?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Anergy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Thymic deletion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Suppression by regulatory
T-cells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Antigen sequestration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">29. Regarding
mitochondrial alterations, which is true?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">In cell hypertrophy, there is
corresponding increase in mitochondrial size. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Mitochondrial myopathies are
associated with increased numbers of morphologically abnormal mitochondria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Oncocytomas are malignant
tumours consisting of cells with abundant enlarged mitochondria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Hepatocytes in alcoholic liver
disease assume megamitochondria -> extremely large, normally shaped
mitochondria (abnormal shapes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-NZ">30.Regarding
lysosomes which is incorrect?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Primary lysosomes are membrane
bound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Contain hydrolytic enzymes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">Are synthesised in the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-NZ">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-NZ">May persist in the cell as
residual bodies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Wait for the answers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-26848157382146024732016-07-22T08:00:00.000-07:002016-07-22T08:00:37.298-07:00Acute inflammation - General Pathology Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) - With Answers<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrFMze86YeBheKtYkvqXB12xiCc5r22h2qsb1SYwTUIIzpy98KZOy3gSY-h8CFQFAy3SvuyG_NlHeliSnrp8Np062QhXJZekr4u5XVBuJV-RrjbCuYTUpnrPBQmqdaoQ4FuLL7i4IeE5c/s1600/Inflammation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrFMze86YeBheKtYkvqXB12xiCc5r22h2qsb1SYwTUIIzpy98KZOy3gSY-h8CFQFAy3SvuyG_NlHeliSnrp8Np062QhXJZekr4u5XVBuJV-RrjbCuYTUpnrPBQmqdaoQ4FuLL7i4IeE5c/s320/Inflammation.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"> True and False type MCQ's</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"> 01.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Acute inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">Heal by suppuration with abscess
formation</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">Completely heal by resolution</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">Heal with fibrosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">Heal with regeneration</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">Leads to amyloidosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>02
Regarding acute inflammation</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%;">a. Active hyperaemia is due to
increased venous pressure</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Increased pressure is due to
gaps in basement membrane<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Prostaglandin is an endogenous
mediator of increased venous pressure</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 107%;">d. Excess proteins are removed by
lymph</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Cellular inflammatory exudates
has low O2 tension<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">03. Regarding acute inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Active
hyperaemia is due to arteriolar relaxation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b.
Angiotensin is an endogenous mediator causing increase in permeability<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Monocyte
infiltration is an active process<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Increased
permeability is due to gaps in the basement membrane<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Proteins
are taken into the lymphatics by pinocytosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">04. Regarding acute inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. It does
not depend on the structure of the tissue affected<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Mild
acute inflammation is healed by the granulation tissue formation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. In mild
acute inflammation the cardinal signs of inflammation cannot be seen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Dilation
of blood vessels are due to stimulation of autonomic innervation of arterioles <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. In severe
inflammation cell necrosis may occur <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">05. Regarding acute inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Migration
of monocytes is a passive process<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Fibrin
network forms a mechanical barrier to the spread of bacteria<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Promotion
of immunity is due to antibody mediated immunity as well as cell mediated
immunity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Slowing
of blood flow preceded by active hyperaemia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Formation
of granulation tissue leading to fibrosis is a recognized sequale<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">06. “Triple response” of acute inflammation
is characterized by<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Redness
of the injury followed by reflex vasodilation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Local
tissue wheal representing swelling <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.
Development of heat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Involvement of both a local nerve reflex and a histamine response<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Increased
reaction due to a mixture of polypetides<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">07. Effects of acute inflammation
include<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a.
Prevention of local tissue injury by dilution of the toxin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b.
Prevention of spread of organism by forming a fibrin network <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.
Maintaining long term immunity by promoting antibody formation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Destruction of microorganisms due to heat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Healing
of the injury by promoting immobility due to pain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">08. Cells that take part in acute
inflammation include<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Plasma
cells<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Mast
cells<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.
Lymphocytes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Macrophages<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">09. Exudate occurs as a result of <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Increased
capillary permeability<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Direct
action of prostacycline and complement<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Chemical
mediators<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Axonal
reflex via substance P<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Prostaglandin action<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10. In acute inflammation oedema is
produced by <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. increased
capillary permeability<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Direct
reflex<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Neural
reflex<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Antibody
reactions<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Increased
intravascular pressure<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11. Substances important in the
increased vascular permeability of acute inflammation include <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Globulin
permeability factor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Cortisol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Histamine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Plasma
kinines<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Seratonin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">12. Essential features of abscess
formation are<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a.
Eosinophil leucocytosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b.
Destruction of tissue<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Pyaemia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Septicaemia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Neutrophil leucocytosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">13. Regarding chronic inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Important
feature is production of vascular granulation tissue<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Nature of
the lesion depend on the intensity and persistence of the stimulation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Most of
the migrating cells into the injured tissue are mononuclear cells<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. It gives
rise to serious effects by narrowing orifices and tubes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Fibrosis
tissue formation always have harmful effects<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">14. Regarding chronic inflammation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a.
Microorganisms ingested by macrophages are destroyed by it<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. In
autoimmune thyroiditis it serves a useful function<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. In
arteritis, fibrous tissue formation strengthens the arterial wall<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Presence
of large numbers of lymphocytes suggest hypersensitivity<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Production of vascular granulation tissue is important feature<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">15. Malignant disease may complicate
the chronic inflammatory conditions<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a.
Sarcoidosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b.
Ulcerative colitis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Chronic
osteomyelitis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Asbestosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Schistosomiasis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">16. Granulomas are characteristically
found in <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Beryllium
pneumonitis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Leprosy <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.
Tuberculosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Syphilis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Coccidiodomycosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">17. Granuloma is a type of
inflammatory reaction characteristic of <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a.
Tuberculosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b.
Rheumatoid arthritis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Regional
ileitis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Staphylococcal pyaemia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Sarcoidosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">18. Cells which may be found in
granulomas<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Plasma
cells<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Giant
cells<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.
Lymphocytes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Epithelioid cells<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Macrophages<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">19. Epithelial cell granulomas are
seen in <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a. Typhoid
fever<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Crohn’s
disease<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Foerign
body reactions<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d.
Tuberculosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e. Alcoholic
hepatitis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">20. Caseous granuloma are seen in<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">a.
Tuberculosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b. Lupus
vulgaris<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.
Sarcoidosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Foreign
body granulomas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">e.
Inflammatory bowel disease<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b> Answers will be Uploaded soon</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-44378918645186088352016-07-19T10:03:00.000-07:002016-07-19T10:03:36.268-07:00Answers for RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY-MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ) - LUNG MECHANICS<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/respiratory-system-physiology-multiple.html" target="_blank">Visit the following link for the Questions</a></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">01. Increased respiratory minute volume occurs with</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. F - 100mmHg is the normal arterial partial pressure of oxygen</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. T - This is prominent in animals as a thermo regulatory mechanism</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #252f31; font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="line-height: 20.8px;">c. F - Brain damage suppress the respiratory center</span></span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #252f31; font-family: Open Sans;"><span style="line-height: 20.8px;">d. T - As a compensatory mechanism</span></span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. T - Reduction in P O2</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">02. Increased in respiratory minute volume at rest occurs with</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. T - Increase is marked in P O2 lower than 60 mm Hg</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. Haemoglobin does not affect the partial pressure and partial pressure is due to dissolved oxygen</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. CO2 is a activator of central chemo receptors. But CO2 concentration more than 7% causes respiratory center inhibition due to CNS </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">suppression.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. F - Inhibit respiration</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">03. Airway resistance to air flow</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. F</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. T - Haeliox a treatment for asthma</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. T - As density of air reduces</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. T - Obstructive pulmonary disorder</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">04. During quite respiration</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. F - During expiration it becomes positive</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. F - Functional residual capacity</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. F</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">05. During maximal inspiration in a healthy adult</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. F -20mmHg</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. F - Increases</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. F - Contracts</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. F</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">06. During inspiration there is an increase in</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. F</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. F - Reduction</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. F - Reduction</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. F- Reduction</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">07. Regarding pressure changes during respiration</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a. F</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. F- 5mmHg</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. F- Never Rises</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">08. Intra- pleural pressure</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">a.T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">b. T</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">c. F</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">d. F.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px;">e. T</span></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-91302981962067008592016-07-17T09:55:00.000-07:002016-07-19T10:04:24.210-07:00Respiratory system Physiology-Multiple choice Questions (MCQ) - Lung Mechanics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><br /></b>
<b>Please Mark True or False</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>01. Increased respiratory minute volume occurs with</b><br />
<br />
a. Arterial pO2 of 100mmHg<br />
<br />
b. Rise in body temperature<br />
<br />
c. Brain damage<br />
<br />
d. Renal tubular acidosis<br />
<br />
e. Lowered barometric pressure<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>02. Increased in respiratory minute volume at rest occurs with</b><br />
<br />
a. Acute rise in arterial pCO2<br />
<br />
b. Arterial pO2 of 65 mmHg<br />
<br />
c. Haemoglobin of 5g/dl<br />
<br />
d. Breathing air containing 5% CO2<br />
<br />
e. Rise in arterial blood pressure<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>03. Airway resistance to air flow</b><br />
<br />
a. Varies directly with the velocity of flow<br />
<br />
b. Varies directly with the fourth power of the radius<br />
<br />
c. Is reduced when breathing helium – oxygen gas mixture<br />
<br />
d. Is decreased at high altitude<br />
<br />
e. Is increased in asthma<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>04. During quite respiration</b><br />
<br />
a. Intra- pleural pressure is always sub atmospheric<br />
<br />
b. Intra-alveolar pressure is always sub atmospheric<br />
<br />
c. Volume of air left in the lungs at the end of expiration constitutes the residual volume<br />
<br />
d. Volume of air left in the lungs at the end of inspiration constitutes the vital capacity<br />
<br />
e. External intercostal muscles contract in the inspiratory phase<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>05. During maximal inspiration in a healthy adult</b><br />
<br />
a. Intra pleural pressure rises to about 2 mm Hg<br />
<br />
b. Venous return decreased<br />
<br />
c. Skeletal muscles of the diaphragm relaxes<br />
<br />
d. Alveolar ventilation increases<br />
<br />
e. Heart rate is reduced<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>06. During inspiration there is an increase in</b><br />
<br />
a. Intra-abdominal pressure<br />
<br />
b. Intra- pulmonary<br />
<br />
c. Intra- pleural pressure<br />
<br />
d. Intra- oesophageal pressure<br />
<br />
e. Intra thoracic pressure<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b>07. Regarding pressure changes during respiration</b><br />
<br />
a. Intra- pleural pressure is nearly equal to intra oesophageal pressure<br />
<br />
b. During quite inspiration in an adult intra pleural pressure is about 6 mm Hg<br />
<br />
c. During quite expiration the intra pleural pressure is slightly below atmospheric pressure<br />
<br />
d. During quite expiration the intra pulmonary pressure is slightly above atmospheric pressure<br />
<br />
e. Intra pleural pressure rises above atmospheric pressure with a forced expiration<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>08. Intra- pleural pressure</b><br />
<br />
a. Is subatmospheric throughout normal inspiration and expiration<br />
<br />
b. Becomes more subatmospheric with inspiration<br />
<br />
c. Can be assessed by measuring intra gastric pressure<br />
<br />
d. Become less subatmospheric during inspiration with a high air way resistane.<br />
<br />
e. Rises above atmospheric pressure with a forced expiration against resistance.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Please visit following link for the <a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/answers-for-respiratory-system.html" target="_blank">Answers</a></span></b></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-51378887292765861552016-07-16T09:12:00.000-07:002016-07-16T09:12:07.548-07:00Answers for MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ) ON LUNG VOLUMES IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM with explanations<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Please visit this <a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/multiple-choice-questions-mcq-on-lung.html" target="_blank">link for the Questions</a></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggWjy1mnEwQgCrD4evuQVd9iVja5eJn_oFIr8pAG4bLlw1V7otoGsP6PxM216e5FXRNxf4E99u4xDyuwjG75xWMg2_DV9UKr7-s_-2WCBG-yA-86re6u8kHaPoTDQTqv29fmBHU22n1hQ/s1600/Lung+volumes+diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggWjy1mnEwQgCrD4evuQVd9iVja5eJn_oFIr8pAG4bLlw1V7otoGsP6PxM216e5FXRNxf4E99u4xDyuwjG75xWMg2_DV9UKr7-s_-2WCBG-yA-86re6u8kHaPoTDQTqv29fmBHU22n1hQ/s400/Lung+volumes+diagram.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
01.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
a. T - This response is the definition of TIDAL Volume</div>
<div>
b. F - <span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; text-indent: -24px;">Residual volume is the amount of air in the lungs after a Forceful expiration</span></div>
<div>
c. F - It ranges between 1.3 L to 1.5 L</div>
<div>
d. T - This is the definition for the Residual volume</div>
<div>
e. F - <span style="background-color: white; color: #252f31; font-family: "Open Sans"; line-height: 20.8px; text-indent: -24px;">Air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort after a quite normal INSPIRATION is called inspiratory reserve volume.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
02. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
a. T</div>
<div>
<div>
b. F - Not ventilated. Maximum amount of air that can be either inspired or expired in one breath. This includes Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume + Expiratoyr reserve volume</div>
<div>
c. F- residual capacity is the amount of air in the lungs after normal tidal expiration. That is 2.5 L</div>
<div>
d. T</div>
<div>
e. T</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
03.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. T</div>
<div>
b. F - Acconts for the difference in alvolar air and artirial P Co2</div>
<div>
c. F - reduced as increased blood flow reduces areas of sluggish blood flow through lungs</div>
<div>
d. F- This is anatomical dead space</div>
<div>
e. T -Physiological dead space includes the anatomical dead space</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
04.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. F</div>
<div>
b. T - Due to increased fibrosis in the lungs</div>
<div>
c. T</div>
<div>
d. F - About 2.5 L</div>
<div>
e. T</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
05.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. F - Following tidal expiration</div>
<div>
b. F - 2.5 L</div>
<div>
c. T</div>
<div>
d. T - Restrictive diseases increases FRC and Residual volume</div>
<div>
e. T- Due to abdominal content is pushed towards the lung </div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
06.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. T</div>
<div>
b. F</div>
<div>
c. T</div>
<div>
d. T</div>
<div>
e. T - Due to fluid occupying air space </div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
07.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. F - Reduced</div>
<div>
b. T</div>
<div>
c. T</div>
<div>
d. T</div>
<div>
e. F - As alveolar air is trapped in asthma respiratory air has enough time for the diffusion,. Existing oxygen diffuses effectively</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
08.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. T</div>
<div>
b. T</div>
<div>
c. F</div>
<div>
d. T - Blood flow to the lung reduces</div>
<div>
e. F - Reduces as anatomical dead space reduces.(Air way volume in Nose, Pharynx and larynx is reduced)</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
09.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. F (30%)</div>
<div>
b. F -Ventilation and Perfusion mismatch increases the physiological dead space</div>
<div>
c. T</div>
<div>
d. T - Reduced intra thoracic pressure expands the air way too</div>
<div>
e. F - No difference</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
10.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRjpUcMoLIOgy0r9O6mm_nnkwST7Etxcqo3TQdfw_XW8Lz21R6xblhYI7D4fKkrLt9Xc4tegh249qWtKy0Zvad5Psc1sR2OegwSsCJ9w0U04Wptfuw7DzYa5IgIQE5oEp9dxu-HzCNvJ8/s1600/FEV+1++FVC.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRjpUcMoLIOgy0r9O6mm_nnkwST7Etxcqo3TQdfw_XW8Lz21R6xblhYI7D4fKkrLt9Xc4tegh249qWtKy0Zvad5Psc1sR2OegwSsCJ9w0U04Wptfuw7DzYa5IgIQE5oEp9dxu-HzCNvJ8/s320/FEV+1++FVC.jpe" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
a. F - This is useful in assessing obstructive lung diseases</div>
<div>
b. F - Reduces</div>
<div>
c. T</div>
<div>
d. T</div>
<div>
e. T - Normal FEV time is 4.5s, it increases in obstructive lung diseases in more than 5s</div>
</div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-69091917564463895492016-07-14T19:49:00.000-07:002016-07-16T09:13:18.154-07:00Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on Lung Volumes in Respiratory System<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayhDtQhMXzfrNs4Cum6Smz1u_sPU2_3woiX9JwoXHgRo5eUjpiJo-hZg2bNIvHtZbvPwl9ifyLP3Tww_L7FVntKpJIBi0bkgbsTRW7BsYZJ-_pTfNKXqZfadhqr1-Ie4YYCFrV6Cen8k/s1600/Lung+Volumes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjayhDtQhMXzfrNs4Cum6Smz1u_sPU2_3woiX9JwoXHgRo5eUjpiJo-hZg2bNIvHtZbvPwl9ifyLP3Tww_L7FVntKpJIBi0bkgbsTRW7BsYZJ-_pTfNKXqZfadhqr1-Ie4YYCFrV6Cen8k/s400/Lung+Volumes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1 Regarding lung volumes,</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. Tridal volume is the amount of air that moves in
or out of the lungs with each breath</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. Residual volume is the amount of air in the
lungs after a normal expiration</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. Residual volume is approximately 2 L in a healthy
adult</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. Physiological dead space is the volume of gas
not equilibrating with blood</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> e. Air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort
after a quite normal expiration is called inspiratory reserve volume.</span><br />
<div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;">
<br /></div>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2 Regarding lung volumes</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Tridal volume in a normal resting adult is
approximately 500 ml </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Vital capacity is the maximal volume that can be
ventilated in a single breath</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Residual capacity is the sum of inspiratory
volume and the residual volume</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Residual volume is the volume of air in the
lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Residual volume can be measured by helium
dilution technique</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>3 Physiological dead
space</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Can be calculated from measurement of tidal
volume CO2 content of expired air and alveolar air</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Accounts for the difference in composition of
alveolar air and expired air</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Is increased immediately after exercise</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Explains the relative increase in effective
alveolar ventilation during shallow breathing</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Is greater than the anatomical dead space</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>4 Functional residual
capacity</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Can be measured using only a spirometer</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Decreased significantly with age</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Is less in the supine position than in the
standing position</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Is about 1 L in health</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Equals expiratory reserve volume plus residual
volume</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>5. Functional
residual capacity is </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
a.The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
b.About 3L in the normal adult</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
c. Decreased when standing from the prone position</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
d. Increased in emphysematous diseased
of the lungs</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
e.
Decreased in pregnancy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>6. Functional residual capacity is reduced</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
a. when the subject assumes the
supine from the upright position</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
b. In emphysema</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
c. In pulmonary fibrosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
d. With collapse of one lobe</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
e. In pulmonary oedema</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>7. Physiological dead space is increased in </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
a. Endotracheal intubation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
b. General anaesthesia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
c. Severe hypovolaemia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
d. Pulmonary embolus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
e. Bronchial asthma</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>8. Physiological dead space is
increased under the following conditions</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
a. Alveoli which are perfused with blood but not
receiving ventilation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
b. Rapid shallow breathing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
c. Carbon monoxide breathing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
d. Right to left shunt in the
atria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
e. After tracheostomy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>9. Anatomical dead space is </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
a. Approximately 2% of tidal
volume</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
b. Increased in ventilation perfusion mismatch</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
c. Decreased with tracheostomy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
d. Increased during inspiration</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
e. Increased pulmonary embolism</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>10. Ratio of FEV1 to FVC</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
a. Is a useful way of assessing the severity of
restrictive lung disease</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
b. Is increased in obstructive lung disease</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
c. Is decreased in chronic bronchitis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
d. Can be increased by the inhalation of
bronchodilators in asthma</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
e. Is probably less than 50% if
forced expiratory time is more than 6 s</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Visit the <a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/answers-for-multiple-choice-questions.html" target="_blank">link for answers</a></span></b></div>
</div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-75224504532955119382016-07-13T08:54:00.001-07:002016-07-13T20:40:51.814-07:00Answers for Physiology MCQ 1 - (Single Best Type) for Undergraduates and Post graduates<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Visit here for the Questions of </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/physiology-mcq-1-single-best-type-with.html" target="_blank">Physiology MCQ 1 - (Single Best Type) With answers for Undergraduates and Post graduates</a></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Answers</u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
1 D <o:p></o:p></div>
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2 E<o:p></o:p></div>
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3 A <o:p></o:p></div>
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4 E <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
5 C <o:p></o:p></div>
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6 E <o:p></o:p></div>
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7 C <o:p></o:p></div>
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8 E <o:p></o:p></div>
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9 A <o:p></o:p></div>
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10 A <o:p></o:p></div>
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11 E <o:p></o:p></div>
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12 D <o:p></o:p></div>
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13 A <o:p></o:p></div>
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14 D <o:p></o:p></div>
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15 E <o:p></o:p></div>
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16 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
17 E <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
18 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
19 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
20 E <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
21 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
22 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
23 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
24 E <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
25 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
26 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
27 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
28 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
29 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
30 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
31 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
32 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
33 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
34 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
35 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
36 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
37 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
38 B <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
39 A <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
40 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
41 E <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
42 C <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
43 E <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
44 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
45 D <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -34.2pt;">
46 E<o:p></o:p></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-19353519553933119822016-07-13T08:50:00.001-07:002016-07-13T08:57:10.319-07:00Physiology MCQ 1 - (Single Best Type) With answers for Undergraduates and Post graduates<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<b style="text-indent: -19.5pt;">1<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><b style="text-indent: -19.5pt;">Fick’s
law of diffusion is dependent on all <u>EXCEPT:</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->thickness
of membrane barrier<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
solubility of the gas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
molecular weight of the gas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
posture of the subject<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
area of the membrane<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>The
Law of La Place predicts the following <u>EXCEPT:</u></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->increased
myocardial work in dilated cardiomyopathy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
protection of capillaries against rupture<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
relationship between transmural tension and wall tension<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
pattern of intravesical pressure / volume curve<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
failure of alveoli to collapse in expiration<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">3<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->In
the kidney:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Glucose
is removed from the urine by secondary active transport<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->100%
glucose is absorbed in the distal tubule<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
calculated renal threshold for glucose is lower than its actual value<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->phlorizin
enhances glucose binding to the sodium-glucose symport<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->levo
isoform of glucose is more efficiently transported by the sodium-glucose
symport<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">4<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->With
regards to the normal alveolus:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->surfactant
is produced by type I pneumocytes <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->alveolar
size has little effect on surface tension<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->surfactant
is composed of hydrophilic molecules<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->large
alveoli have a tendency to collapse into smaller ones<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->surrounding
tissues exert a force preventing alveolar collapse <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">5<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Increased
baroreceptor discharge acts via the medulla to:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->increase
heart rate<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->increase
stroke volume<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->increase
vessel diameter<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->increase
blood pressure<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->increase
renin secretion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">6<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Amino
acids are derived from:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->creatinine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->neurotransmitters<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->deamination<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->ammonia<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->transamination
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>7<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>In
the coronary circulation:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->blood
flow is maximal during systole<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->45-50%
of o<sub>2</sub> is extracted<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->lactate
is a vasodilator<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span>-adrenergic
receptors mediate vasoconstriction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
ostia of coronary arteries are shut during systole<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>8<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>On
climbing Everest:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->erythropoietin
secretion rises after 2-3 days<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->nifedipine
alleviates the symptoms of mountain sickness<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->alveolar
PCO<sub>2</sub> levels rise<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PCO<sub>2
</sub>levels fall because of decreased oxygen content of the air<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Initially
the O<sub>2</sub>Hb dissociation shifts to the left<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 19.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 19.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">9<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span>
nerve fibres:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->conduct
touch and pressure impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->are
unmyelinated<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->have
the largest diameter of all nerves<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->have
a slow conduction velocity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->conduct
preganglionic impulses<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>10 All of the following ascending sensory
pathways are located in the dorsal column <u>EXCEPT:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->pain<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->touch<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->pressure<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->vibration<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->proprioception
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">11 Erythropoietin:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->acts
to increase erythrocytes by cell division<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->is
principally inactivated by the spleen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->causes
increase in erythrocytes in 24 hours<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->is
produced by adrenal gland<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->production
is inhibited by theophylline <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 26.25pt; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>12<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Concerning the visual pathway:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> macular sparing occurs due to the arrangement
of fibres in the optic tract<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Brodmann’s area is located in the temporal
lobe<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> the optic tracts end in the medial geniculate
body<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> the optic disc lies 3mm medial to and slightly
above the posterior pole of the globe<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> the pituitary tumour often causes a homonymous
hemianopia <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 26.25pt; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">13<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->During
exercise:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->regional blood flow to the skin remains
unchanged<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->diastolic pressures tend to rise more than
systolic pressure<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->O<sub>2</sub> consumption of skeletal muscle
usually triples<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->blood flow to the brain increases<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->cardiac output increases 50-fold<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 26.25pt; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">14<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Regarding
body fluids:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -23.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->blood
plasma is 15% of body weight<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -23.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->intracellular
fluid is 20% of body weight<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -23.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->extracellular
fluid volume is about 7L in a 70kg man<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -23.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->interstitial
fluid volume is 10.5L in a 70 kg man<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -23.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->extracellular
fluid is 40% of body weight <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 26.25pt; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>15<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Regarding CO<sub>2</sub></b> t<b>ransport in blood:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->50% is in the dissolved form<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the Haldane effect is the fact that oxygenation
of the blood increases its ability to carry CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ionic dissociation of carbonic acid requires the
presence of carbonic acid requires the presence of carbonic anhydrase to be a
fast process.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->an increase in PCO<sub>2</sub> in blood shifts
the oxygen dissociation curve to the left<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->approximately 30% of the venous-arterial
difference is attributable to carbamino compounds<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 26.25pt; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>16<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Regarding movement across cell membranes: <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->exocytosis requires Na<sup>+</sup> and energy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->insulin reuptake is by receptor-mediated
endocytosis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->thyroid hormones reduce Na<sup>+</sup>K<sup>+</sup>ATPase
pump activity<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->acute transport of Na<sup>+</sup> is rarely
coupled with other substances<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 49.5pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Na<sup>+</sup>K<sup>+</sup>ATPase has a 1:1
coupling ratio<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 26.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 26.25pt; text-indent: -26.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>17<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Within the sympathetic nervous system:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->sweat glands are supplied by B<sub>2 </sub> adrenergic receptors<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->activation promotes gluconeogenesis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->bronchial glandular secretion is inhibited by B<sub>2</sub>
adrenergic receptor stimulation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->at the post ganglionic neuron, dopamine is
responsible for the slow excitory post synaptic potential<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 46.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the preganglionic neurons leave the spinal cord
in the ventral roots of the thoracolumbar spine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>18 In the visual pathway:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->axons of the ganglion cells pass in the optic
nerve and optic tract and end in the medial geniculate body of the thalamus<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->fibres of each temporal hemiretina decussate in
the optic chiasm<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the primary visual receiving area is Brodmann’s
area 17<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the fovea contains no cones<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->80% of input to the geniculate nucleus comes
from the retina; the other input is from brain regions involved in feedback
regulation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>19 Fluid movement across the capillary wall is
mediated mainly by:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->diffusion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->filtration<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->endocytosis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->exocytosis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->ion channels<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>20<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Regarding
conduction in the heart:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->stimulation of right vagus inhibits the AV node<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the rate of discharge of the SAN is independent
of temperature<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->depolarisation of ventricular muscle starts on
the right<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the speed of conduction is fastest in
ventricular muscle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the SA node and AV node exhibit the same speed
of conduction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">21<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->In
calcium metabolism:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->gastrin, glucagon and secretin inhibit
calcitonin secretion <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->human calcitonin has a half life of 30 minutes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->calcitonin increases bone resorption<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->PTH increases phosphate excretion in the urine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol decreases calcium
absorption from the intestine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">22<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->In
the cardiac action potential:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the resting membrane potential is -70mV<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the initial depolarisation is due to Ca<sup>2+</sup>
influx<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the plateau is due to I<sub>KI</sub> current <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the initial rapid repolarisation is due to Na<sup>+</sup>
channel closure<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.75pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 45.75pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->CAMP decreases the active transport of Ca<sup>2+</sup>
to the sarcoplasmic reticulum thus accelerating relaxation and shortening the
systolic <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>23 When a skeletal muscle contracts:</b> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->calcium is released and this initiates
contraction by binding Troponin T<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->there is always a decrease in the length of the
muscle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->it does so at a mechanical efficiency of 80%<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->if it is an isotonic contraction, work is done<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 56.25pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the initiating event is acetylcholine binding to
a G-protein linked receptor<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>24<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b> The resting membrane potential:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--> is +70mV
in mammalian cardiac cells<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--> is
responsible for only a small part of the energy requirement of a nerve<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->is increased with increased external Na<sup>+ </sup>concentration<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->implies that the inside of the cell is positive
relative to the outside of the cell at rest<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->is decreased by increasing the external K<sup>+ </sup>concentration<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">25<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
alveolar gas equation:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->is
also known as Bohr’s equation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->can
be used to calculate anatomical dead space<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->is
influenced by diet<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->is
independent of P<sub>i</sub>O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->requires
sampling of gas to determine P<sub>A</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>26<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Regarding renal tubular function:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
clearance is less than the GFR if there is tubular secretion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
active transport of Na<sup>+</sup>
occurs in all portions of the tubule<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->proximal
tubular reabsorbate is slightly hypotonic <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->water
can leak across tight junctions back into the tubule lumen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->30%
of the filtered water enters the distal tubule<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>27 Smooth muscle contractions: </b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->are
dependent on an intact nerve supply<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->are
a result of Ca<sup>2+ </sup>influx into the sarcoplasmic reticulum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->are
smooth, discrete and fine in multi-unit smooth muscle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->are
dependent on troponin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->are
exaggerated in vitro when bathed in acelylcholine<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>28 Under physiological conditions most of
circulating T<sub>4</sub> is bound to:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->thyroxine binding prealbumin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->tramothynetim<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->thyroxine-binding-globulin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">a</span>2
globulin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->iodothyronine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">29<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Deficiency of <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">b</span> oxidation of fatty acids causes:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->pulmonary hypersecretion <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->cardiomyopathy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->cirrhosis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->glomerulonephritis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->asthma<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">30<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Regarding ventilation during exercise:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->pulmonary blood flow is increased from 5.5l/min
to 55 l/min<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->abrupt increase in ventilation at onset of
exercise is due to increased respiratory rate<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->increases in ventilation are proportionate to
increase CO<sub>2</sub> production<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->CO<sub>2 </sub>excretion increases from
200ml/min to up to 8000ml/min<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->there is a fall in blood pH during moderate
exercise<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>31 Regarding reflexes:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
reaction time for knee jerk is 0.1sec<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Jendrassik’s
manoeuvre enhances knee jerk reflex<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->spindles
are located in muscle tendons<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->afferent
neurons carry the impulse to the muscle <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->muscle
spindle fibres are innervated by Ib type nerve <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>32 Temperature regulation:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->is integrated by cortical pathways<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->systems result in hypothermia when the anterior
hypothalmus is stimulated<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->is mediated by endogenous pyrogens produced by
monocytes, macrophages and Kupfter cells<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->is deranged due to a mutation in the ryanodine
receptor resulting in excess sodium released in malignant hyperthermia<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->results in maintenance of a constant body
temperature over 24 hours<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<b>33 A decrease in the length of ventricular
cardiac muscle fibres can be brought
about by:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->stronger atrial contraction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->increase in total blood volume<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->increase venous tone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->standing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->increase in negative intrathoracic pressure<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>34 Resting blood flow to:</b> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the liver equals 10% of cardiac output<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the heart equals 5% of cardiac output<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the brain equals 30% of cardiac output<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the skin equals 20% of cardiac output<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the skeletal muscle equals 40% of cardiac output<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">35 Regarding the renal handling of
sodium:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->80% of the total filtered load of sodium is
reabsorbed<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->sodium is actively transported out of all parts
of the renal tubule except the thin portion of the loop of Henle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->only a minority of sodium is actively
transported via the lateral
intercellular spaces<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->sodium transport is coupled to the movement of
hydrogen and glucose but not to amino acids and phosphates<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the sodium / hydrogen exchanges in the proximal
tubule extrudes one sodium for every hydrogen reabsorbed<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">36<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Oxygen transport:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 43.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 43.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the oxygen dissociation curve shifts left with a
fall in pH<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 43.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 43.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->more oxygen is supplied to tissues by a fall in
2,3 DPG levels<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 43.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 43.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->2,3, DPG levels are increased by ascent to 7,000
metres<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 43.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 43.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->2,3 DPG levels in stored blood increase<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 43.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 43.5pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->oxygen dissociation curve shifts right with a
drop in temperature<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>37<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Regarding the cardiac cycle:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->stroke volume is normally approximately 50ml<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->contraction of the left atrium precedes the
right atrium<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->the c wave of the jugular venous pressure
corresponds to movement of the closed tricuspid valve.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Left ventricular pressure immediately falls
after opening of the aortic valve<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->At rapid heart rates, systole shortens more than
diastole <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>38 The following a true regarding lung volumes
and compliance <u>EXCEPT:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->compliance
decreases in obstructive lung disease<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->FEV<sub>l</sub>
/ FVC ratio increase in obstructive lung disease<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Functional
residual capacity is the sum of ERV and RV<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure is the compliance of
the lung<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 37.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Vital
capacity is the largest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal
inspiratory effort <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<b>39 Regarding
synaptic transmission:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->opening of sodium channels excites the post
synaptic neuron<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->voltage gated sodium channels on the presynaptic
neuron determine the quantity of neurotransmitter released<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->neuropeptides are responsible for acute
responses of the nervous system<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->small molecule type transmitters do not
stimulate the receptor activated enzymes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -23.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->cholinesterase is responsible for synthesis of
acetylcholine.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>40<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The
juxtaglomacular apparatus:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->contains
macular densa cells in afferent and efferent arterioles<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->contain
juxtaglomerular cells in afferent and
arterioles only <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->responds
to a fall in arterial pressure by increasing renin secretion<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->responds
to an increase in sodium concentration by increasing GFR<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->releases
renin which is activated by angiotensin
I<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">41<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->With
regards to ventilation:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
autonomic control centre is located in the midbrain<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->brainstem
respiratory neurons only discharge during inspiration<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->arterial
P<sub>A</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>must be below 80mmHg to produce increased discharge
from peripheral chemoreceptor<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->medullary
chemoreceptors monitor O<sub>2 </sub>concentration in the CSF<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->in
metabolic alkalosis ventilation is depressed<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>42<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->In
metabolic alkalosis:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->a
common cause is ingestion of aspirin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->respiratory
compensation can fully restore pH to normal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->base
excess is positive<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->treatment
with NaHCO<sub>3</sub> restores pH to normal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->there
is more renal excretion of H<sup>+</sup> ions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">43<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Compensatory
mechanisms in metabolic acidosis includes:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->a fall in pH<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->decreased CO<sub>2 </sub>formation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->decreased minute volume<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->an alkaline urine<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.75pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 42.75pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->reduction in the PCO<sub>2</sub> of alveolar gas<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>44<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->With
respect to blood pressure control:</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
stress relaxation mechanism is one of the immediate responses<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->angiotensin
acts by increasing venous tone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->baroreceptors
are activated over the course of hours<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->the
rennin angiotensin is vital in controlling the effect of excess Na<sup>+</sup>
intake<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->renal
responses precede capillary fluid shifts<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">45<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gastric
emptying occurs:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->via
sympathetic mediation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->when
pressure increases in the body of the stomach<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->due
to stomach contractions lasting up to 30 seconds<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->with
no regurgitation of contents from the duodenum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->with
the passage of mixed solid and liquid gastric contents into the duodenum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>46 All of the following increase blood sugar
level <u>EXCEPT:</u></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->T4<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->cortisol<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->growth
hormone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->somatostatin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">e)</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">lutenising
hormone</span>the
rennin angiotensin is vital in controlling the effect of excess Na<sup>+</sup>
intake<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->renal
responses precede capillary fluid shifts<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: small;">45<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gastric
emptying occurs:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->via
sympathetic mediation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->when
pressure increases in the body of the stomach<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->due
to stomach contractions lasting up to 30 seconds<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->with
no regurgitation of contents from the duodenum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->with
the passage of mixed solid and liquid gastric contents into the duodenum<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>46 All of the following increase blood sugar
level <u>EXCEPT:</u></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->T4<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->cortisol<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->growth
hormone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->somatostatin<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->lutenising
hormone<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Answers for the : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/answers-for-physiology-mcq-1-single.html" target="_blank">Physiology MCQ 1 - (Single Best Type) </a></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/2016/07/answers-for-physiology-mcq-1-single.html" target="_blank">With answers for Undergraduates and Post graduates</a></b></span></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-3561943576423934632016-06-08T22:29:00.002-07:002016-06-08T22:29:26.278-07:00Basic concepts of Health Planning <div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">Planning is making current decisions in the light of
their future effects</span><span style="font-family: "georgia";">.</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; text-indent: 0in;">H</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; text-indent: 0in;">ealth
planning is a process culminating in decisions regarding the future provisions
of health facilities and services to meet health needs of the community.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; text-indent: 0in;"></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><br /></span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="470px" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" mozallowfullscreen="" scrolling="no" src="https://www.slideshare.net/Himesharo/slideshelf" style="border: none;" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="615px"></iframe>Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-39311775759938205542016-06-08T22:16:00.001-07:002016-06-08T22:18:56.966-07:00Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) for tooth decay <div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .32in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.32in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.32in; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -0.32in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Atraumatic</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Restorative Treatment (ART), is based on removing
decalcified tooth tissue using only hand instruments and restoring the cavity
with an adhesive filling </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">material.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri; text-indent: -0.32in;">A minimally invasive approach to both prevent dental
carious lesions and stop its further progression. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.32in; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -0.32in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.32in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.32in; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -0.32in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.32in;"><br /></span></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="570px" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" mozallowfullscreen="" scrolling="no" src="https://www.slideshare.net/Himesharo/slideshelf" style="border: none;" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="760px"></iframe>
</div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-81535276273043551602016-06-02T09:04:00.004-07:002016-06-02T09:04:46.413-07:00Guidelines on Behavior Guidance for the Pediatric Dental Patient<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Safe and effective treatment of dental diseases often
requires modifying the child’s behaviour. Behaviour guidance is a continuum of
interaction involving the dentist and the dental team, the patient, and the
parent directed toward communication and education.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Recommendations for Basic </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 19.9733px;">behavior</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> guidance </span></span><span style="color: #073763; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Communication and
communicative guidance</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh4kXMOSu3RoZ3wQf3p8X8_yUmBFR5ECovfsYuwUCwG2XXQGbOWPBEK7-fZ43BvJMSnTWVQo5_9tbyOL-RM9f7amGnnarybdYuBAPmaxTD2aI5EQBTpIBYADfCCk3zeQe98QKHKeYhY_0/s1600/pediatric_dentistry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh4kXMOSu3RoZ3wQf3p8X8_yUmBFR5ECovfsYuwUCwG2XXQGbOWPBEK7-fZ43BvJMSnTWVQo5_9tbyOL-RM9f7amGnnarybdYuBAPmaxTD2aI5EQBTpIBYADfCCk3zeQe98QKHKeYhY_0/s320/pediatric_dentistry.jpg" width="320" /></a>Communicative management and appropriate use of commands are
used universally in paediatric dentistry. Communicative management comprises a
host of techniques which include, tell-show-do, voice control, nonverbal
communication, positive reinforcement, and distraction. The dentist should
consider the cognitive development of the patient, as well as the presence of
other communication deficits (eg, hearing disorder), when choosing specific communicative
management techniques.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1.Tell-show-do <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbFmG6FOnHNXfRZ7hahFFQY1nBzT801cPxqQssp4d_6uOB2KYsvGY1Rm8V6PB4Slrr9KCJ7Vp6uPDfLwCQX3hPwEqzz6r0uFnITASbeXlFv1c0QfUWo2xqWhmmGQ6q7iLB6FOz4NHkKTQ/s1600/pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbFmG6FOnHNXfRZ7hahFFQY1nBzT801cPxqQssp4d_6uOB2KYsvGY1Rm8V6PB4Slrr9KCJ7Vp6uPDfLwCQX3hPwEqzz6r0uFnITASbeXlFv1c0QfUWo2xqWhmmGQ6q7iLB6FOz4NHkKTQ/s320/pic1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A technique of behaviour shaping used by many paediatric
professionals. The technique involves verbal explanations of procedures in
phrases appropriate to the developmental
level of the patient (tell); demonstrations for the patient of the visual,
auditory, olfactory, and tactile aspects
of the procedure in a carefully defined, nonthreatening setting (show); and
then, without deviating from the explanation and demonstration, completion of
the procedure (do). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2. Voice control <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEPHMh3wEnqbXO6IhEOZiBpU5-xGy-ltPEJnBDcSfiN3kWOsS7q58gJ5lJIIFyVrON5TKRa-wP_4r7ute6q4EFrIiZIzQV6tBtbniZY0Bf23bIMPf7V8StiwzmQhmYJ-cTv31Ib1aEC8k/s1600/Pedodontist-300x199.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEPHMh3wEnqbXO6IhEOZiBpU5-xGy-ltPEJnBDcSfiN3kWOsS7q58gJ5lJIIFyVrON5TKRa-wP_4r7ute6q4EFrIiZIzQV6tBtbniZY0Bf23bIMPf7V8StiwzmQhmYJ-cTv31Ib1aEC8k/s1600/Pedodontist-300x199.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Voice control is a controlled alteration of voice volume, tone, or pace
to influence and direct the patient’s
behaviour. Parents unfamiliar with this possibly aversive technique may
benefit from an explanation prior to its use to prevent misunderstanding. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3. Nonverbal communication <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Reinforcement and guidance of behaviour through appropriate
contact, posture, facial expression, and body language.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4. Positive
reinforcement<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihX7z9XjG1tBK9yAz7Y89WGnbc7N5oeWb1DQt3VbXVzPJYoYXFv8ECbCpwcBNGvJeIJEQRj_Ztcwr-p_r03VeHbJbepZ8CPpGxPUohdJuLh3bd0qbBoBlnpez_Ee4Uo0vI3XeTM6XyIrM/s1600/Esthetic-Treatment-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihX7z9XjG1tBK9yAz7Y89WGnbc7N5oeWb1DQt3VbXVzPJYoYXFv8ECbCpwcBNGvJeIJEQRj_Ztcwr-p_r03VeHbJbepZ8CPpGxPUohdJuLh3bd0qbBoBlnpez_Ee4Uo0vI3XeTM6XyIrM/s320/Esthetic-Treatment-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In the process of establishing desirable patient behaviour,
it is essential to give appropriate feedback. Positive reinforcement is an effective technique to
reward desired behaviours and, thus,
strengthen the recurrence of those behaviours. Social reinforces include
positive voice modulation, facial expression, verbal praise, and appropriate
physical demonstrations of affection
by all members of the dental team. Non-social reinforces include tokens and
toys. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
5. Distraction <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
It is the technique of diverting the patient’s attention from what may be perceived as an
unpleasant procedure. Giving the patient a short break during a stressful
procedure can be an effective use of distraction prior to considering more
advanced behaviour guidance techniques.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Parental presence/absence
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7m3MvUkUVq8Q3WAqvwzoGBM9Xxi7V1pIWtrNH6c2DwX7K0Diti6Z1fvyUUMbDKvgCMbg2iLeR8ahnS-59yihU4ZH5BF6U0lLzSJC7f1ynilMsRE_FxTMLw7J9dXav4tPvWYZpNwdZxsc/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7m3MvUkUVq8Q3WAqvwzoGBM9Xxi7V1pIWtrNH6c2DwX7K0Diti6Z1fvyUUMbDKvgCMbg2iLeR8ahnS-59yihU4ZH5BF6U0lLzSJC7f1ynilMsRE_FxTMLw7J9dXav4tPvWYZpNwdZxsc/s320/maxresdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The presence or absence of the parent sometimes
can be used to gain cooperation for treatment. Parents’ desire to be present
during their child’s treatment does not mean they intellectually distrust the
dentist. It might mean they are uncomfortable if they visually cannot verify
their child’s safety. It is important to
understand the changing emotional needs of parents because of the growth of a
latent but natural sense to be protective of their children. Practitioners
should become receptive to the involvement of parents and welcome the questions
and concerns for their children. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation</b> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Safe and effective
technique to reduce anxiety and enhance effective communication. Its onset of
action is rapid, the effects easily are titrated and reversible, and recovery
is rapid and complete. Additionally, nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation mediates a
variable degree of analgesia, amnesia, and gag reflex reduction. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpDuwQHc7YsY1rV4ZwE_b25JA0EuiI3KJSt2B1kTXKMM_TBthTBqoN7NHvCCcAP1iEVrTL5sFrvL467MapC68922zz6WzJ0hCPaa1hKhnnpcmPAPiHC76A0avzn4Ir2UcvKtTWXNOr2Vk/s1600/shutterstock_104373272.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpDuwQHc7YsY1rV4ZwE_b25JA0EuiI3KJSt2B1kTXKMM_TBthTBqoN7NHvCCcAP1iEVrTL5sFrvL467MapC68922zz6WzJ0hCPaa1hKhnnpcmPAPiHC76A0avzn4Ir2UcvKtTWXNOr2Vk/s400/shutterstock_104373272.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Adopted from the guidelines of AMERICAN
ACADEMY OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY<o:p></o:p></div>
Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-76431226043198420612015-11-12T05:39:00.000-08:002015-11-12T05:39:59.894-08:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9y8lpgqMCv0DThTMgcktA0rizLICtIR1ktD91pSblFG9ratl0XVrR65Ko6fleXnPXgVHBcNYxukneb5bqG7hvXNoD1td0zLzPZGeV1tvFd2MMhkdAIiSxug5YYtUDa28G-vTTI_l9PhI/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0011+triangles+and+root+of+the+neck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9y8lpgqMCv0DThTMgcktA0rizLICtIR1ktD91pSblFG9ratl0XVrR65Ko6fleXnPXgVHBcNYxukneb5bqG7hvXNoD1td0zLzPZGeV1tvFd2MMhkdAIiSxug5YYtUDa28G-vTTI_l9PhI/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0011+triangles+and+root+of+the+neck.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Triangles of the root of the neck</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgU5Qs4vKpNE_uUaJ0UORJzz9cxukb-kCCOo_ih-8y_jpETPbumDNCIKLltZhPn-sW-FtvryPK3nWCZ_MEy4e9B9e4L38WfL2IiNvCX1qMvwD3ydvT3SE5Hxj4M-hnbiNCEjZM2IZGUk/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0012+triangles+and+root+of+the+neck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgU5Qs4vKpNE_uUaJ0UORJzz9cxukb-kCCOo_ih-8y_jpETPbumDNCIKLltZhPn-sW-FtvryPK3nWCZ_MEy4e9B9e4L38WfL2IiNvCX1qMvwD3ydvT3SE5Hxj4M-hnbiNCEjZM2IZGUk/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0012+triangles+and+root+of+the+neck.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Face, Scalp and parotid region</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgMjTsvPEXHfgph9jDv2wL8wbf7sRrpNptL24I9WcupayQYwuAZfBYwXAmT1FMpSIGUeWIacuGYrg_htv6vRNZEWyNPN2IzDZ9oIm8LHNKj0bHGekAhSe-cqX43Dd77DjOMNZ7v1brLR4/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0013+triangles+and+root+of+the+neck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgMjTsvPEXHfgph9jDv2wL8wbf7sRrpNptL24I9WcupayQYwuAZfBYwXAmT1FMpSIGUeWIacuGYrg_htv6vRNZEWyNPN2IzDZ9oIm8LHNKj0bHGekAhSe-cqX43Dd77DjOMNZ7v1brLR4/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0013+triangles+and+root+of+the+neck.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Face,Scalp and Parotid region</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgnzIwzxXchqHBIdPNoKondms2QPJZomf60xkhuvUSUJATmvpRMVmCHLt5tRHhlHhBZxEArcz9i8AQhww3-pfBHITSVnU5xJnvNOfHgq263KBZWxsebo0HPnVkSGtrOSoKJNLTKzHCyQ/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0014+face+scalp+and+parotid+region.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgnzIwzxXchqHBIdPNoKondms2QPJZomf60xkhuvUSUJATmvpRMVmCHLt5tRHhlHhBZxEArcz9i8AQhww3-pfBHITSVnU5xJnvNOfHgq263KBZWxsebo0HPnVkSGtrOSoKJNLTKzHCyQ/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0014+face+scalp+and+parotid+region.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Face,Scalp and Parotid region</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYo9CTKT-R8_l0TGQH8i-KJphU2KcLmZtMzZlF1qIv5dZK1EPID8GkL5xejMONM9ULHKPgxwkKQTH4aR0TImF5IYx_YmzOmhrbGNYz6xYqjAZc5FWpuzHdQyPVBYvi6_CZOSDgFQIwd8/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0015+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYo9CTKT-R8_l0TGQH8i-KJphU2KcLmZtMzZlF1qIv5dZK1EPID8GkL5xejMONM9ULHKPgxwkKQTH4aR0TImF5IYx_YmzOmhrbGNYz6xYqjAZc5FWpuzHdQyPVBYvi6_CZOSDgFQIwd8/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0015+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGk7VgEvW6u-YQXuu7FR3HHfnEKWeLgStsvftqs-Ubb7k7QCi2DhCrVjA3XsnhwFyQYrDcorVGptccu4wY36d7to1O_vHPDuCL9qlVPmdBj1oMv8iJoJ1aIy1blXRYt-Ws0pdaSt2yQU0/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0016+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGk7VgEvW6u-YQXuu7FR3HHfnEKWeLgStsvftqs-Ubb7k7QCi2DhCrVjA3XsnhwFyQYrDcorVGptccu4wY36d7to1O_vHPDuCL9qlVPmdBj1oMv8iJoJ1aIy1blXRYt-Ws0pdaSt2yQU0/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0016+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t-gB9_MANv9ljkqazKP0pdipPlGaI6x7dOluCfVhQGnpqZJX9y6FOVMhrwt46esNiMCgggXKkg591ngyJ6zbJTepUdxJybQNa2MZ39HdGdWGGRvFAuJ0KhLZVZ91_GxVVql6k-tSKhE/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0017+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t-gB9_MANv9ljkqazKP0pdipPlGaI6x7dOluCfVhQGnpqZJX9y6FOVMhrwt46esNiMCgggXKkg591ngyJ6zbJTepUdxJybQNa2MZ39HdGdWGGRvFAuJ0KhLZVZ91_GxVVql6k-tSKhE/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0017+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFBwvu1NoahRygi3Z3cwZqiaXKQnYR_kdUrHyXhCag3mnpG8fgatWAhM0YUwfPjUizfWsvc-1cHGy4Df5DKbUJTPO3eCmKdKbqYKdambg5WRlVPpMdJRB0i4U3Z7EiiwPBM702oUxq5TQ/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0018+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFBwvu1NoahRygi3Z3cwZqiaXKQnYR_kdUrHyXhCag3mnpG8fgatWAhM0YUwfPjUizfWsvc-1cHGy4Df5DKbUJTPO3eCmKdKbqYKdambg5WRlVPpMdJRB0i4U3Z7EiiwPBM702oUxq5TQ/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0018+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpvFj3TxHA6MTcUUUEkVl_yZgq3cr6MsdmsSfhKll5y6wqEbqyTmvP8CljxUlrD9_M8CXzB1oovYQTLYuVaBhc-tPZkPF2GXF3it6kiYXKpiVICcNbulnEvk2RwW7Jqhg2XgT2HfK8I0/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0019+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpvFj3TxHA6MTcUUUEkVl_yZgq3cr6MsdmsSfhKll5y6wqEbqyTmvP8CljxUlrD9_M8CXzB1oovYQTLYuVaBhc-tPZkPF2GXF3it6kiYXKpiVICcNbulnEvk2RwW7Jqhg2XgT2HfK8I0/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0019+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKp8tOUW-2dQdoSaw6aG7Fl70C_FIzusaj3O18MTBKOQkdfPhPnQloyr0ByO40r4k6V2dk99iWV3pOXpdVcsXW2s9G1-olF_6PO7KEi9AeiiZWV7PFcc_xQKcM4Kh87FaG0jXeJ2yZDYI/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0020+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKp8tOUW-2dQdoSaw6aG7Fl70C_FIzusaj3O18MTBKOQkdfPhPnQloyr0ByO40r4k6V2dk99iWV3pOXpdVcsXW2s9G1-olF_6PO7KEi9AeiiZWV7PFcc_xQKcM4Kh87FaG0jXeJ2yZDYI/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0020+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-WTpaUBWMMGTHc_vZc71rtPqMo9MQhVuaa2yoOXFVwnFGMszFsTsGkzBUmUZBoBhwH6thLNMJp1WjwTXJn1IP7ar7PYhTUhG05D9T9U9MFYfxiXq_V3VgvyYFu_EncOPdNXjKQZUQtlc/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0021+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-WTpaUBWMMGTHc_vZc71rtPqMo9MQhVuaa2yoOXFVwnFGMszFsTsGkzBUmUZBoBhwH6thLNMJp1WjwTXJn1IP7ar7PYhTUhG05D9T9U9MFYfxiXq_V3VgvyYFu_EncOPdNXjKQZUQtlc/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0021+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiya-65K9bx9toSIkQCnv6xaKTZKcln7noPQ01eXyACfh_stRXXh4JSvANhfUhhAkUG4U8jtFt1YFOJuSuYPTwdyAjm4KgepY_RfNCpoz5IvKa4MLPcuKYM3XloUHvIjj4XDTb-Jb_22S8/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0022+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiya-65K9bx9toSIkQCnv6xaKTZKcln7noPQ01eXyACfh_stRXXh4JSvANhfUhhAkUG4U8jtFt1YFOJuSuYPTwdyAjm4KgepY_RfNCpoz5IvKa4MLPcuKYM3XloUHvIjj4XDTb-Jb_22S8/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0022+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWkoc4HcFZWAlxzFl_lL5fZG5QOKL0PUfTyAdrqPNTBAKcq-OJ5M-M4qT9gBOpr5x1OXaaiVB1lPWLvjUSV_LiLmxLfDzgJ90fBTELPM-OkvcgCmhxc2I5A1PU07ZNuqwdWiHUqaTHAkU/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0023+cranial+contents+aand+pharynx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWkoc4HcFZWAlxzFl_lL5fZG5QOKL0PUfTyAdrqPNTBAKcq-OJ5M-M4qT9gBOpr5x1OXaaiVB1lPWLvjUSV_LiLmxLfDzgJ90fBTELPM-OkvcgCmhxc2I5A1PU07ZNuqwdWiHUqaTHAkU/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0023+cranial+contents+aand+pharynx.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cranial contents, Reflection of head and pharynx</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9MgvRWUS82zhCzAMsJOy0TMYIMiHz0lYJ1SNx_ErP5Og1CL7DOeYTWssW8J-Wtce3GT2xMn3Zn2dgGuBE-_z8VGsH1IVzjJnjhivKrYYlJTm0dv07beIvR-nLC4KX4mxQJPDQ8XvxUs/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0024+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9MgvRWUS82zhCzAMsJOy0TMYIMiHz0lYJ1SNx_ErP5Og1CL7DOeYTWssW8J-Wtce3GT2xMn3Zn2dgGuBE-_z8VGsH1IVzjJnjhivKrYYlJTm0dv07beIvR-nLC4KX4mxQJPDQ8XvxUs/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0024+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bisection of the head, pharynx and temporal region</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSdCT07lFTdpzeUu8Lyu7RWxTNA31bHfJCT8ldi0aDT3KgeCAxijnzubCno2GpWOUKUtupad8PN_xmLspJxeQF7BGYCNZx86iUIWfUFSbzjEl4bQkWV2x4Cd84EvJH2qB-7LF2KmqN6oo/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0025+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSdCT07lFTdpzeUu8Lyu7RWxTNA31bHfJCT8ldi0aDT3KgeCAxijnzubCno2GpWOUKUtupad8PN_xmLspJxeQF7BGYCNZx86iUIWfUFSbzjEl4bQkWV2x4Cd84EvJH2qB-7LF2KmqN6oo/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0025+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Bisection of the head, pharynx and temporal region</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJmyEoPkNUk8A6HmfErU7zxB_T0aR7sUzq39OWDGa8t5kdTy9olqRq69A75MIaPprbfi96NHSS-McTw2pKpxuhTRdzFkER90ywTu8MkyACeqX0G0dRQhzp_tgYEz3KsxiAYb3hB8IK3cc/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0026+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJmyEoPkNUk8A6HmfErU7zxB_T0aR7sUzq39OWDGa8t5kdTy9olqRq69A75MIaPprbfi96NHSS-McTw2pKpxuhTRdzFkER90ywTu8MkyACeqX0G0dRQhzp_tgYEz3KsxiAYb3hB8IK3cc/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0026+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Bisection of the head, pharynx and temporal region</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0f5MWIgso_Yj7BipHPthWa5e6RkcnRP45WCNgOqr-c23GnLer5SX7G5Bi9rs8UJr5hGlh3Xic_OdrxDbq7CG-VzReQPyDBPYOPnjBmdSdf3TFdaQUxREv5s6k0PfbwmcwfXbOpH0CfP4/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0027+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0f5MWIgso_Yj7BipHPthWa5e6RkcnRP45WCNgOqr-c23GnLer5SX7G5Bi9rs8UJr5hGlh3Xic_OdrxDbq7CG-VzReQPyDBPYOPnjBmdSdf3TFdaQUxREv5s6k0PfbwmcwfXbOpH0CfP4/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0027+bisection+of+head+pharynx+temporal+region.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Bisection of the head, pharynx and temporal region</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPlcEh1_wGcdrlzui7d-iY2ibtggn0cRyWHoYb0qb0h2hm7_RudedBcqaiacE79tTxWgwxxa0f0PppQ-KZGgTYG-HhnaQ3WB772gufR4Mq9bQms0xKYKR8TL-IYXdPFm039yNz1A1_b0/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0028+orbit+pterygopalaltine+fossa+and+nasal+cavity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPlcEh1_wGcdrlzui7d-iY2ibtggn0cRyWHoYb0qb0h2hm7_RudedBcqaiacE79tTxWgwxxa0f0PppQ-KZGgTYG-HhnaQ3WB772gufR4Mq9bQms0xKYKR8TL-IYXdPFm039yNz1A1_b0/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0028+orbit+pterygopalaltine+fossa+and+nasal+cavity.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Orbit, pterygopalatine fossa and nasal region</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5pJcUX9XToUxejKCKz8z7SgkECfwwGNAcT2B5kyWVwKBApZ_UHbXzYUdubbDpYpj-vDQMo-mzBaid9M0GT6o8xA8KpPhyphenhyphen7AAmbFrEdBCQ0jLAmOwUoxqKKR-78hJCn3SZwkw6NTcUuBU/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0029+mouth+tongue+and+larynx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5pJcUX9XToUxejKCKz8z7SgkECfwwGNAcT2B5kyWVwKBApZ_UHbXzYUdubbDpYpj-vDQMo-mzBaid9M0GT6o8xA8KpPhyphenhyphen7AAmbFrEdBCQ0jLAmOwUoxqKKR-78hJCn3SZwkw6NTcUuBU/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0029+mouth+tongue+and+larynx.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mouth, tongue and pharynx</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-44921610762902512412015-11-12T05:17:00.001-08:002015-11-12T05:17:18.587-08:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFSuol9cBbejL_BjRyaFa9BJpQZWILyQkB8uoaQji4ZTCHvlnBYJ3qJ_jD1MnYXPRIaRbCIeS-OHQtJwUOo_xS_wtsbVWmHvsv9wsCQdMsCUfq0wmWDAfls93t3cNJaw9S4nmqgnEy780/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0005+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFSuol9cBbejL_BjRyaFa9BJpQZWILyQkB8uoaQji4ZTCHvlnBYJ3qJ_jD1MnYXPRIaRbCIeS-OHQtJwUOo_xS_wtsbVWmHvsv9wsCQdMsCUfq0wmWDAfls93t3cNJaw9S4nmqgnEy780/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0005+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5AuiXTtqQ7Rt47E3biqGCFl86db9kFDUd4R-_iJAnh-p2Vrxdut6S0L-V9HsjJkFCHFoZwlrTed8RFULyLR8lxOelx4WIIfkFMImqYP5lvAEZ3Xkhnd4uVMYQl7Qt7TmkUGtPiQzSJqk/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0006+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5AuiXTtqQ7Rt47E3biqGCFl86db9kFDUd4R-_iJAnh-p2Vrxdut6S0L-V9HsjJkFCHFoZwlrTed8RFULyLR8lxOelx4WIIfkFMImqYP5lvAEZ3Xkhnd4uVMYQl7Qt7TmkUGtPiQzSJqk/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0006+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUuAPAA4EmsYAJTmxY7HKzy1hQsqFMUJpm-2Es-lqANS2VOUI5746yBsZYf8GRJ3oyt560XDuq-tQ30_WjXN6aat9xfosQXHRzBDjw7eUqglUcxx5nD0GnN_gEyh3p57FKMErbr4WkyV0/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0007+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUuAPAA4EmsYAJTmxY7HKzy1hQsqFMUJpm-2Es-lqANS2VOUI5746yBsZYf8GRJ3oyt560XDuq-tQ30_WjXN6aat9xfosQXHRzBDjw7eUqglUcxx5nD0GnN_gEyh3p57FKMErbr4WkyV0/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0007+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPXt8s5uMMuqMK-09FS29nCfA5hZaj3Dzm4t34HseJC0qKgXSR6-RY8I0rAjMHktInTjEQoEz46BMkDzGDAUrk45fq55GL1m7rywto_K8NhCxrgqmzNpZps-ZFOPPOWr3dUbYqHbCpwB4/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0008+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPXt8s5uMMuqMK-09FS29nCfA5hZaj3Dzm4t34HseJC0qKgXSR6-RY8I0rAjMHktInTjEQoEz46BMkDzGDAUrk45fq55GL1m7rywto_K8NhCxrgqmzNpZps-ZFOPPOWr3dUbYqHbCpwB4/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0008+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXY5KifPVbSPieX0KTnZZ-maULGDd2s4fVfkPQT7Nw2tLRKdJ6tOSeOSc4tiYQg5A0ErqEmqPPviHsVFyg6RwFmT4EKlY22ukJ_8G3skn_FhlE3eCZLeLOhuPjxI1JlM6adD6P1btfx4/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0009+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXY5KifPVbSPieX0KTnZZ-maULGDd2s4fVfkPQT7Nw2tLRKdJ6tOSeOSc4tiYQg5A0ErqEmqPPviHsVFyg6RwFmT4EKlY22ukJ_8G3skn_FhlE3eCZLeLOhuPjxI1JlM6adD6P1btfx4/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0009+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiznu_l6Pv5ex-l9-vr2s8YUhr5ALn3_IidiZEk1A6ME4DALW1RM3V74nDOsx1Wd0B3FVfphggTvKHk1eIxn5V0N4IVi2oNUeMxfn08TMvv7GAxCqRT0aH94SQ8AZWWj14m8AbQGnW6Z1k/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0010+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiznu_l6Pv5ex-l9-vr2s8YUhr5ALn3_IidiZEk1A6ME4DALW1RM3V74nDOsx1Wd0B3FVfphggTvKHk1eIxn5V0N4IVi2oNUeMxfn08TMvv7GAxCqRT0aH94SQ8AZWWj14m8AbQGnW6Z1k/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0010+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION</td></tr>
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<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-83933961018550443062015-11-12T05:13:00.001-08:002015-11-12T05:14:51.249-08:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL NERVES ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFESGU_fId_qAJ_ATykzHvkKte06pFgQHFOi5iNKand0Jse09hkeiS2jI9gqzPVrI4H6qAig-XucHk-rvqXeny00Ff8gfKRi2qZvJy848jks714sYrEe5MKunVzItbnpYdJCZorFZbLXA/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0001+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFESGU_fId_qAJ_ATykzHvkKte06pFgQHFOi5iNKand0Jse09hkeiS2jI9gqzPVrI4H6qAig-XucHk-rvqXeny00Ff8gfKRi2qZvJy848jks714sYrEe5MKunVzItbnpYdJCZorFZbLXA/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0001+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL NERVES</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLhcd0q5GtJ5wy6UxYTqhcREmZaeEssFFGHE9J9OD4BzavfNPtKnduIU3tCb_m79KZccyPfmnQsiWprOgYjT7hYTpMsUUos0SBCiKy_vYvykkKWuRcI0340-Z25AhfCQLGzM6UkoukQ8w/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0002+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLhcd0q5GtJ5wy6UxYTqhcREmZaeEssFFGHE9J9OD4BzavfNPtKnduIU3tCb_m79KZccyPfmnQsiWprOgYjT7hYTpMsUUos0SBCiKy_vYvykkKWuRcI0340-Z25AhfCQLGzM6UkoukQ8w/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0002+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL NERVES</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ_AWj3eiUUUmlTYVi2VHPxJAemJ48zR-h_iwpgfdcJvZ7rwGSiwVMyC1DDpiSdf9xDA_56FF8Quu_enkT7y_T8WB1VefnKj3R8WyJ0GFWNnarmjLjYGLWXS5Y4BwpXi5SiSXypkUqMl8/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0003+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ_AWj3eiUUUmlTYVi2VHPxJAemJ48zR-h_iwpgfdcJvZ7rwGSiwVMyC1DDpiSdf9xDA_56FF8Quu_enkT7y_T8WB1VefnKj3R8WyJ0GFWNnarmjLjYGLWXS5Y4BwpXi5SiSXypkUqMl8/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0003+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL NERVES</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYbvlsyTCFtRTo-XfE0r7SYtU5f_6cNYsgCxgFTG_bopG9LSKYfOZfkagumqodKOiix5XFJWCTjDDi9QLdIJpqE850jOUHiy4ie4hf0AXL0Sg1NqptUSUTiwow9pWyyRr86THuzFWdpI/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0004+cranial+nerves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYbvlsyTCFtRTo-XfE0r7SYtU5f_6cNYsgCxgFTG_bopG9LSKYfOZfkagumqodKOiix5XFJWCTjDDi9QLdIJpqE850jOUHiy4ie4hf0AXL0Sg1NqptUSUTiwow9pWyyRr86THuzFWdpI/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0004+cranial+nerves.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL NERVES</td></tr>
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<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-88166903056046944632015-09-22T09:51:00.001-07:002015-09-22T09:51:36.729-07:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL CONTENTS, REFLECTION OF HEAD, PHARYNX 2 ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="border: 0px; color: #7b8996; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 300; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY-MEDICAL MNEMONICS-CRANIAL CONTENTS, REFLECTION OF HEAD, PHARYNX</span></h1>
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<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-41469045882503188422015-09-17T09:30:00.003-07:002015-09-17T09:30:56.328-07:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL CONTENTS, REFLECTION OF HEAD, PHARYNX 2 ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEippjZ1LyGQtzx5za-KN1YWQkQKIFJfYpZmTVfzJLJ47vo3tyPljSy-rjQemdqD1o535aLdHGfz01__kFWhqlFCWKyIER1ojAGxcistZ5DXpWOlNsnKbMFNoSaB3KOMzokwsGQLrZ4cXd0/s1600/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0016+cranial+contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEippjZ1LyGQtzx5za-KN1YWQkQKIFJfYpZmTVfzJLJ47vo3tyPljSy-rjQemdqD1o535aLdHGfz01__kFWhqlFCWKyIER1ojAGxcistZ5DXpWOlNsnKbMFNoSaB3KOMzokwsGQLrZ4cXd0/s640/Anatomy+exam+guide+and+medical+mnemonics-0016+cranial+contents.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -CRANIAL CONTENTS, REFLECTION OF HEAD, PHARYNX 2 </td></tr>
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<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-68735665020016019102015-09-16T09:41:00.000-07:002015-09-16T09:41:52.080-07:00Molar Incisor Hypomineralization<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The term molar incisor
hypomineralization (MIH) was introduced in 2001 to describe the clinical
appearance of enamel hypomineralization of systemic origin affecting one or
more permanent first molars (PFMs) that are associated frequently with affected
incisors. The condition is attributed to disrupted ameloblastic function during
the transitional and maturational stages of amelogenesis. This condition is
recognized in various terms such as hypomineralized PFMs, idiopathic enamel
hypomineralization , dysmineralized PFMs, nonfluoride hypomineralization and
cheese molars. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDfeIwpm5r2NeuaQJ4pml64a-O3ZPsizR5Lbv09OgRd-lQ8-opmmPnyHBfbkVIVyPE_0DSwOGLRFhLyiua66o6NoNLYcp0z8R9u46pk0yyivlkadF86y5Yku_XoMOiHQj1fMrIPOyMkeQ/s1600/molar+incisor+hypomineralization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDfeIwpm5r2NeuaQJ4pml64a-O3ZPsizR5Lbv09OgRd-lQ8-opmmPnyHBfbkVIVyPE_0DSwOGLRFhLyiua66o6NoNLYcp0z8R9u46pk0yyivlkadF86y5Yku_XoMOiHQj1fMrIPOyMkeQ/s640/molar+incisor+hypomineralization.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Molar incisor hypomineralization</td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #17375e; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #17375e; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Epidemiology<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The prevalence data for MIH are
limited due to various diagnostic classifications. According to existing data
the prevalence ranges from 4% to 25% across different populations. The number
of hypomineralized PFMs in an individual can vary from 1 to 4, affecting
particularly 2 or more molars including the contralateral tooth, where the
teeth are moderately or severely affected. The risk of involvement of the
permanent maxillary incisors appears to increase when more PFMs are affected. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Putative factors associated with
disrupted amelogenesis of PFMs include systemic conditions and environmental
insults influencing natal and early development specially during the child’s
first 3 years. The systemic conditions
implicated to date include nutritional deficiencies, brain injury and
neurologic defects, cystic fibrosis, syndromes of epilepsy and dementia
(Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome), nephrotic syndrome, atopia, lead poisoning,
repaired cleft lip and palate, radiation treatment, rubella embryopathy,
epidermolysis bullosa, ophthalmic conditions, celiac disease, and
gastrointestinal disorders. Conditions common in the first 3 years, such as upper
respiratory diseases, asthma, otitis media, tonsillitis, chicken pox, measles,
and rubella, are also known to be associated with MIH. Some studies suggest the
association of Preterm birth with increased prevalence of enamel defects,
including hypomineralization and hypoplasia in the permanent dentition. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #17375e; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Clinical presentation and Diagnosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Criteria for the diagnosis of
demarcated opacities, post-eruption breakdown (PEB), atypical restorations, and
extracted PFMs due to MIH were developed by Weerheijm et al.<span class="A3"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span>Dentitions with generalized opacities present on
all teeth rather than limited to the PFMs and permanent incisors, are not
considered to have MIH.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Four PFMs
and 8 erupted permanent incisors are examined wet for demarcated opacities (white-cream
or yellow-brown in color, of normal thickness with a smooth surface), post
eruptive breakdown, and atypical restorations. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
The opacities are usually limited to the incisal or cuspal one
third of the crown, rarely involving the cervical one third.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="A3"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
Due to the unusual size and shape, restorations may not conform to
typical caries patterns and frequently involve the cuspal or incisal one third
of the crown.<span class="A3"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Latha; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Enamel opacities may occur adjacent to restoration margins.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Pa3" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: WAKMRT+AGaramond-Regular; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="Pa3" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: WAKMRT+AGaramond-Regular; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Diagnostic Categories of
MIH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mild MIH </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Demarcated opacities are in
nonstress-bearing areas of the molar</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No enamel loss from fracturing is present
in opaque areas</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is no history of dental
hypersensitivity</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are no caries associated with the
affected enamel</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Incisor involvement is usually mild if
present </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Moderate MIH </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Atypical restorations can be present</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Demarcated opacities are present on occlusal/incisal
third of teeth without posteruptive enamel breakdown</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Posteruptive enamel breakdown/caries are
limited to 1 or 2 surfaces without cuspal involvement</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dental sensitivity is generally reported
as normal</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Severe MIH </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Posteruptive enamel breakdown is present </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is a history of dental sensitivity</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Caries is associated with the affected
enamel</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Crown destruction can advance to pulpal
involvement</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Defective atypical restoration</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aesthetic concerns are expressed by the
patient or parent </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Pa3" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: WAKMRT+AGaramond-Regular; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Differential Diagnosis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fluorosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia1EEMzwpK_Cr42oLj6i-7cQIamGWjNmH7Ce_PnPKfK01yG5yJTvNgiaFfpeYBm5wJqUdKLD0Hp39T6zeT1nNy7FBR6zEsvegNTZ1y_6QnyVGEBHUf4OV6HWXN6OvmZiewWisJpXfGfXU/s1600/accurate-photos-of-fluorosi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia1EEMzwpK_Cr42oLj6i-7cQIamGWjNmH7Ce_PnPKfK01yG5yJTvNgiaFfpeYBm5wJqUdKLD0Hp39T6zeT1nNy7FBR6zEsvegNTZ1y_6QnyVGEBHUf4OV6HWXN6OvmZiewWisJpXfGfXU/s640/accurate-photos-of-fluorosi.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Amelogenesis imperfecta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK_WC-V-RuwC74Fqedy67K1bwKJX4H9RnPnToXjSHgWlQk-YSUKF8SZuF95Uu0ngXAQLW7WE-B2JWdFTumG0D60umEiQtITUU4eabv82mPAudqOSV9fYxhVK43bEQ7D6xtaoxf14yQeXA/s1600/Amelogenesis+imperfecta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK_WC-V-RuwC74Fqedy67K1bwKJX4H9RnPnToXjSHgWlQk-YSUKF8SZuF95Uu0ngXAQLW7WE-B2JWdFTumG0D60umEiQtITUU4eabv82mPAudqOSV9fYxhVK43bEQ7D6xtaoxf14yQeXA/s640/Amelogenesis+imperfecta.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Enamel hypoplasia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_gBHtObajDxuCHarvKyBiP_SfFH8HV_apoUAD12COoVNoqPrvgudffYcYMrffrkmhd-F6b7T2aEGWU3g5qhjHELnFUWITBcPrtFIX0QAB_UWwQk8AhrAIf5nMAgXn3i9ymoBCoUgfhSI/s1600/2161-1122-1-107-g001.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_gBHtObajDxuCHarvKyBiP_SfFH8HV_apoUAD12COoVNoqPrvgudffYcYMrffrkmhd-F6b7T2aEGWU3g5qhjHELnFUWITBcPrtFIX0QAB_UWwQk8AhrAIf5nMAgXn3i9ymoBCoUgfhSI/s640/2161-1122-1-107-g001.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It can be differentiated from fluorosis as
its opacities are demarcated, unlike the diffuse opacities that are typical of
fluorosis. Fluorosis is caries resistant and MIH is caries prone</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and also </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">fluorosis can be related to a period in which the fluoride intake was
too high</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Choosing between amelogenesis imperfecta
(AI) and MIH:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">only in very severe MIH cases, the molars are equally affected and mimic
the appearance of AI</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In MIH, the appearance of the defects will
be more asymmetrical</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and i</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">n AI, the molars may also appear taurodont on radiograph </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and t</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">here is
often a family history.</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #17375e; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: WAKMRT+AGaramond-Regular; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #17375E; mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=75000; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text2; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Management<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">MIH’s clinical
management is challenging due to: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. The sensitivity and rapid development of dental caries in
affected PFMs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. The limited cooperation of a young child<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Difficulty in achieving anesthesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. The repeated marginal breakdown of restorations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfGxfAY3AnbXzfvshSO5rvvxypFeeAcIeEAOR5JK5F27KC3c7yRstVsDDdpZQheO26Cmco7hUmYeXXjgOYVKeoeJmd6TvQwxASuHoESJaOWP7FcG6IFhkTByPRj_pQdG7EOn2Ehcef_U/s1600/william2-28-3-0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfGxfAY3AnbXzfvshSO5rvvxypFeeAcIeEAOR5JK5F27KC3c7yRstVsDDdpZQheO26Cmco7hUmYeXXjgOYVKeoeJmd6TvQwxASuHoESJaOWP7FcG6IFhkTByPRj_pQdG7EOn2Ehcef_U/s640/william2-28-3-0004.jpg" width="538" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Management of Molar incisor hypomineralization</td></tr>
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Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-38967297068242807422015-09-16T07:46:00.000-07:002015-09-16T07:46:34.802-07:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS -Cranial Contents, Reflection of Head, Pharynx ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEDICAL MNEMONICS -Cranial Contents, Reflection of Head, Pharynx</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-72291459336679581202015-09-13T10:18:00.000-07:002015-09-13T10:18:01.495-07:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - MEDICAL MNEMONICS - FACE, SCALP AND PAROTID REGION 3 ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table>
<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6985179948783127936.post-53392447003596196392015-09-12T12:07:00.003-07:002015-09-12T12:07:38.465-07:00STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - Medical Mnemonics - Face, Scalp and Parotid Region 2 ( FREE DOWNLOAD ANATOMY STUDY GUIDES AND MEDICAL MNEMONICS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">STUDY GUIDE FOR HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY - Medical Mnemonics - Face, Scalp and Parotid Region </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Sumdilihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04159599646813940970noreply@blogger.com0