Study Guide for Head and Neck Anatomy - Cranial Nerves |
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Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Anatomy. Show all posts
Monday, September 7, 2015
Sunday, September 6, 2015
Saturday, December 6, 2014
Upper Limb Anatomy-MCQ
01.Regarding pronator
teres which of the following statements is correct?
a)
It forms
the lateral border of the cubital fossa
b)
It arises
from the coronoid process and lateral epicondyle.
c)
The Median
nerve passes deep to both heads
d)
It’s medial
border forms the medial boundary of the cubital fossa
e)
It is the
most lateral of the superficial flexors of the forearm
02.Regarding the radial
nerve which statement is incorrect?
a)
It passes
anterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
b)
Injury to
the radial nerve from fracture of the shaft of the humerus will result in wrist
drop
c)
Injury to
the deep radial nerve in the mid forearm will prevent extension only at the
MCPJs
d)
Sensory
loss from injury to the superficial radial nerve will usually result in loss of
sensation over the entire thumb
e)
It is the
larger terminal branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
03.Regarding the blood
supply of the forearm
a)
The radial
artery is the larger of the terminal branches of the brachial artery
b)
The radial
artery runs under brachialis as it leaves the cubital fossa
c)
The radial
artery has just one named branch proximal to the carpal braches
d)
Ligation
of the radial artery at its origin will significantly reduce blood flow through
the posterior interosseous artery.
e)
The radial
artery has no involvement in the elbow anastomotic network
04The median nerve
a)
Supplies
flexor carpi ulnaris and half of flexor digitorum profundis
b)
Gives rise
to most of its braches in the upper arm
c)
Gives rise
to the common interosseous nerve which divides anterior to the radial head
d)
May be
compressed between the two heads of pronator teres
e)
Enters
cubital fossa lateral to the brachial artery
Answers
1) E
2) D
3) C
4) D
Anatomy MCQs (Thorax)-12 Questions
1-
Regarding the intercostal nerve
all the following are True, EXCEPT:
a-
7th Intercostal nerve
is typical
b-
End by anterior cutanous nerve
c-
2nd will supply the
skin of axilla (lateral branch)
d-
Communicate with sympathetic
trunk through rami communication
e-
Located below the arteries
Answer- a
2-
Regarding intercostal arteries:
a-
are superior to veins &
nerves
b-
musculophrenic artery will supply
7th to 9th intercostals spaces
c-
all the posterior branches are
from the aorta
d-
the collateral branch supply the
lung
e-
all the anterior branches are
from the internal thoracic
Answer- b
3-
All the following are in the Rt
atrium, EXCEPT:
a-
azygos vein
b-
anterior cardiac vein
c-
coronary sinus
d-
SVC
e-
IVC
Answer- a
4-
Regarding Rt ventricle all the
following are True, EXCEPT:
a-
have three papillary muscle
b-
the septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
extend from the septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle
c-
have a pectinate muscle which
passes anteriorly
d-
The outflow portion of the champer
inferior to the pulmonary orifice called
infandibulum
e-
The infandibulum is smooth and
the remainder of the ventricle is rough
Answer- c
5-
X-ray of the Lt border of mediastinum
show the following, EXCEPT:
a-
left auricle
b-
aortic arch
c-
pulmonary trunk
d-
left ventricle
e-
right atrium
Answer- e
6-
superior mediastinum shows all
the following, EXCEPT:
a-
trachea
b-
ascending aorta
c-
arch of aorta
d-
left brachiocaphalic vein
e-
vagus nerve
Answer- b
7-
Regarding the Arch of the aorta,
the incorrect statements is:
a-
Located in superior mediastinum
b-
Located below the brachiocaphalic
vein
c-
Connected to the pulmonary trunk
by ligamentum arteriosum
d-
It is arches over the Lt main
bronchus
e-
The Rt recurrent laryngeal nerves
hocks around it
Answer- e
8-
the correct statement about
Thoracic duct is:
a-
it is enter to the thorax through
caval opening
b-
it lies posterior to the esophagus
in the superior mediastinum
c-
it lies in the superior & posterior
mediastinum
d-
drain into Rt subclavian vein
e-
it receives the lymph from both
lungs
Answer- c
9-
Regarding pericardium:
a-
visceral part supplied by phrenic
nerve
b-
Fibrous pericardium consist of
visceral & parietal parts
c-
serous pericardium down represent
the attachment of central tendon of diaphragm
d-
Located laterally to the
esophagus
e-
The oblique sinus is bounded
anteriorly by the visceral layer of serous pericardium
Answer- e
10-
All the following are related
posteriorly to the heart, EXCEPT:
a-
Oblique sinus
b-
Rt bronchus
c-
Thoracic aorta
d-
Lt vagus
e-
Esophagus
Answer- b
11-
Regarding Rt main bronchus all
the following are True, EXCEPT:
a-
wider than the Lt
b-
longer than the Lt
c-
more vertical than the Lt
d-
bacteria pass through it easily
e-
gives off the Rt superior lobe
bronchi before entering the hilum
Answer- b
12-
Regarding the pleura the
incorrect statement is:
a-
cervical part is above the
clavicle
b-
diaphragmatic pleura supplied by
intercostal nerves ONLY
c-
cervical pleura is crossed by
subclavian vessels
d-
pleural cavity is a potential
space
e-
the visceral & parietal
pleurae are continuous around the root of the lung
Answer- b
Friday, August 15, 2014
Ebola Virus [Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) ]
What is Ebola?
Risk of Bioterrorism?
Ebola is a virus which causes rare but deadly disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola
hemorrhagic fever (EHF) which is a disease of humans and other primates. Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contact with the virus. Symptoms area fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. Typically nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea follow, along with decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys. Around this time, affected people may begin to bleed both within the body and externally.
hemorrhagic fever (EHF) which is a disease of humans and other primates. Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contact with the virus. Symptoms area fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. Typically nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea follow, along with decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys. Around this time, affected people may begin to bleed both within the body and externally.
Ebola’s natural reservoir is unknown.Non human primates have
been the source of human infections but are not thought to be the reservoirs.
Ebola Taxonomy or Scientific
Classification
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Filoviridae
Genus: Ebola like
viruses
Species: Ebola
Subtypes
Ebola-Zaire,
Ebola-Sudan,Ebola-Ivory Coast-disease in humans
Ebola-Reston-disease
in nonhuman primates
Filoviridae or “Filoviruses”
•
Most
mysterious virus group
•
Pathogenesis
poorly understood
•
Ebola
–
Natural
history/reservoirs unknown
–
Exist
throughout the world
–
Endemic
to Africa
–
Filamentous
ssRNA- (antisense) viruses
History
Named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (formerly Zaire), near the first epidemics.
Two species were identified in 1976:
- Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV)
- Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV)
Case fatality rates of 83% and 54% respectively.
A third species, Reston ebolavirus (REBOV), was
discovered in November 1989 in a group of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
imported from the Philippines.
Ivory Coast ebolavirus – Only one case.
Unlucky scientist.
Outbreaks of EBOLA
Most Recent Incident
April 25 – June 16 2005 total of 12 cases including 9 deaths
were reported in Etoumbi and Mbomo in the Cuvette Quest Region
•
Enters Bloodstream
–
Skin,
membranes, Open wounds
•
Cell Level
–
Socks
with cell membrane
•
Viral RNA
–
Released into cytoplasm
–
Production new viral proteins/ genetic material
•
New viral
genomes
–
Rapidly coated in protein
–
Create cores
•
Viral cores
–
Stack up in cell
–
Migrate to the cell surface
–
Produce trans-membrane proteins
–
Push through cell surface
–
Become enveloped by cell membrane
•
ssRNA- Genome Mutations
–
Capable of rapid mutation
–
Very adaptable to evade host defenses and
environmental change
•
Theory
–
Virus
evolved to occupy special niches in the wild
Modes of
Transmission
There are 3 modes of infection
- Unsterilized needles
- Suboptimal Hospital conditions
- Personal contact
•
Early symptoms
–
Muscle aches, fever, vomiting
–
Red eyes, skin rash, diarrhea, stomach pain
–
Acute symptoms
–
Bleeding/hemorrhaging from skin, orifices,
internal organs
–
Onset of fever.
–
Intense weakness.
–
Headache.
–
Soar Throat.
–
Vommitting, Diarrhoea.
–
Impaired Kidnay and liver function
•
Early Diagnosis
•
Very difficult
•
Signs & symptoms very similar to other
infections
•
PCR detection
•
ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-absorbant) assay
Is there a cure for
Ebola?
•
There are no known curative medications for
Ebola.
•
However, there have been very recent
developments in preventative medications.
•
No Standard Treatment available
•
Patients receive supportive therapy
•
Treating complicating infections
•
Balancing patient’s fluids and electrolytes
•
Maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure
•
No vaccines!
•
Patients are isolated
•
Medical Staff Training
•
Western sanitation practices
•
Intake
•
Care during stay
•
After patient dies
•
Infection-control Measures
•
complete equipment and area sterilization
Vaccines
•
In June, Jones and his colleagues, Dr. Heinz
Feldmann of Winnipeg and Dr. Thomas Geisbert at Fort Detrick, Maryland
announced that they had successfully vaccinated monkeys against the deadly
Ebola virus
•
The Ebola vaccine is based on the 1976 strain of
the Zaire species and protects from the 1995, but not the other 2 species that
affect humans.
Risk of Bioterrorism?
Airborne transmission of Ebola Zaire has been demonstrated
in monkeys in a controlled laboratory experiment
Plum Island…?
Prevention
After Death
Virus contagious in
fluids for days
•
Burial
use extreme caution
–
Handling
and transport
–
Cultural
practices/ religious belief
–
Incinerate
all waste!!!!
–
Protective
clothing
–
Body
sealed in body bag and coffin
–
Sanitation
of all equipment before and after
–
Risk for
exposure special steps need to be taken to protect the family and community
from illness.
–
Family
only
–
Why open
casket not possible
–
Some
practices cannot be done
Conclusion
•
Reservoirs
in Nature
–
Largely
unknown
–
Possibly
infected animals (primates?)
•
Transmission
–
Direct
contact blood/secretions of infected person
–
Possible
airborne (Reston primate facility)
•
Onset of
illness abrupt
–
Incubation
period: 2 to 21 days
–
Infections
are acute and mostly deadly
Latest Morbidity and
Mortality Reports
Ebola-Reston Virus Infection Among Quarantined Nonhuman Primates --
Texas, 1996
Report describes death and blood testing of cynomolgus monkey
imported from the Philippines held in a private quarantine facility in Texas
•
Outbreak of Ebola
Hemorrhagic Fever ---Uganda, August 2000--January 2001
–
Report describes
surveillance and control activities related to the EHF outbreak
–
Presents preliminary
clinical and epidemiologic findings
Ebola Information Posters
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