Dento-facial pain-Odontogenic and Non Odontogenic pain

Dento-facial pain can be either odontogenic or non-odontogenic in origin

Odontogenic

Tooth

• Pulp
• Periodontal  - priodontitis, pericementitis

Jaw

• Alveolitis
• Dry socket
• Osteomylitis
• Non odontogenic

 

1.Tempor-mandibular joint

• Arthritis – Arthralgia, Subluxation, Clicking
• Neuritis – Costen’s Syndrome
• Bruxism

2. Para nasal sinuses – Sinusitis, CA. Maxillary Antrum

3. Otalgia – Ac. External otitis, Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)

4. Ophthalmic

• Iritis / Iridocyclitis
• Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
• Retrobulbar Neuritis
• Heterophoria
• Acute Glaucoma
• Chronic Blind Eye

5. Inflammatory

• Sialadenitis – Parotitis, Submandibular sialadenitis
• Lymphadenitis – Pre auricular, Submandibular

6. Malignancy

• CA. Tongue
• CA. Oropharynx / Nasopharynx / Laryngopharynx
• Ca. Maxillary Antrum

7. Spirochetes – Lymes Disease

8. Idiopathic

• Myo-facial pain - muscular
• Neuralgia
• Trigeminal
• Sphenopalatine
• Glossopharyngeal
• Neurovascular
• Migraine
• Temporal Arteritis
• Histamine Cephalgia
• Tension Headache

9. Psychosomatic – Psychalgia, Hysteria

10. Referred pain – Angina pectoris

Idiopathic pains and psychosomatic pains are non-organic and all the rest have an organic cause, which the treatment protocol needs to address.

Odontalgia: Odontalgia can either arise from the pulp or the periodontium. Pulpitis is the inflammation of the vessels and nerves in the pulp and it occurs when the pulp is exposed to various irritants – thermal, mechanical, chemical or bacterial. Pulpal pain is difficult to localize, as no proprioceptive fibers are present in the pulp chamber. It is only when the inflammation extends to the adjoining periodontium that localization of pain is possible. Careful clinical examination and radiography helps in differentiating pulpal pain from periodontal pain. However gingival recession, looseness of tooth, pocket formation or loss of bone points towards a periodontal disease.

               

Pupal Inflammation	Periodontal Membrane
Pain is not always localized, difficult to locate	Pain is always localized and easy to locate
Pain is sharp, lancinating and intermittent	Pain is dull, steady and continuous and throbbing
Pain is worse during fatigue and at night in day	Pain is not affected by position of body or time of reclining position
Pulp is very sensitive to thermal changes and Other irritants	Tooth is not affected by thermal changes and other irritants.
Tooth is not tender on percussion	In early stage pressure relieves and in later stage it intensifies pain
Tooth does not seem elongated and does not interfere I occlusion	The tooth is raised in its socket and strikes first in occlusion
Tooth usually shows extensive caries	The tooth is usually sound
Regional lymphadenopathy +ve	Regional lymphadenopathy –ve
Body temperature not affected	Body temperature usually raised

Trigeminal Neuralgia: Trigeminal Neuralgia or tic douloureux is an intermittent pain of great severity, which commences in the 3^rd. or 2^nd. division and extends in time to the adjacent division, the ophthalmic division usually escaping. Occurring predominantly in females, the cause is usually unknown but considered related to he infection of the nerve by herpes simplex virus. The duration of the pain is brief to start with but gradually the pain free interval reduces, and eventually the patient has almost continuous pain and may become suicidal. The pain is described as red-hot needles searing the flesh and often has certain definite trigger zones. Spasms of pain are initiated by external stimuli like cold draughts, brushing teeth, washing, speaking, eating or drinking hot or cold substances. Treatment starts with oral analgesics like Tegretal. If pain gets incapacitating then 4-5 ml of absolute alcohol is injected into the Gasserian Ganglion. Relief from pain and anaesthesia stays from 6 months to 2 years after which the sensations return and so does the pain. 7.5% phenol in myodil injected into the ganglion under X ray control produces relief of pain without loss of sensation. Partial division of the sensory root of V cranial nerve, preserving the upper and inner 1/3 of the root, which has the fibers of ophthalmic division, by micro-neurosurgery, may bring lasting relief.

Sphenopalatine Neuralgia: Sphenopalatine Neuralgia or Sluder’s syndrome is a condition where there is pain about the eye, upper teeth and upper jaw, extending sometimes to zygoma and temple and occasionally producing earache and pain in and around the ear and mastoid. Photophobia, lachrymation, rhinorrhea, glossodynia and loss or diminished taste sensations are also frequent. Unlike Trigeminal Neuralgia the pain is more constant, lacking he severe paroxysms. The Sphenopalatine (Meckel’s) ganglion is believed to be irritated by infection or hyperplasia of sphenoid or posterior Ethmoid sinuses. The best diagnostic tool is to anaesthetize the Meckel’s ganglion and most permanent result is obtained by injecting absolute alcohol.

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Severe explosion of pain either in the region of tonsils or deep in the ear with a trigger zone in the tonsillar area is characteristic. The diagnosis is clinched by the fact hat instilling or injecting local anaesthesia in this region relives the pain. In genuine cases the Glossopharyngeal nerve needs to be divided. The nerve can be approached in the tonsillar fossa after tonsillectomy, or through the posterior fossa as it enters the jugular foramen.

Paranasal sinusitis: Very hard to differentiate from odontalgia because of the close proximity of the teeth and maxillary sinuses, there is always a suggestive history of recent cold or influenza. If the pain is bilateral and improves on sitting up it is often frontal sinusitis. If the pain is unilateral and gets relieved on recumbent posture it is maxillary sinusitis. Bony tenderness over sinuses and painful tapping over more than one tooth of the upper jaw suggests a sinus lesion rather than a tooth lesion. Sinus pain is aggravated on walking and bending over. Transilluminating the sinus in a dark room clinically and cloudy sinus on radiography confirms the diagnosis. One should never be in a hurry in extracting teeth in presence of an existing allergy or cold.

Reiter syndrome,Romberg syndrome (hemifacial atrophy) and Papillon-Lefevre syndrome-Oral MedicineShort Notes

Reiter syndrome Consists of arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. There are frequently oral lesions, which resemble benign migratory glossitis in appearance but affect other parts of the mouth. The condition is probably an unwanted effect of an immune response to a low-grade pathogen; however, some still believe it to be a sexually transmitted disease, although there is no hard evidence for this.

Reiter syndrome

Romberg syndrome (hemifacial atrophy) consists of progressive atrophy of the soft tissues of half the face, associated with contralateral Jacksonian epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia. Rarely, half the body may be affected. It starts in the first decade and lasts ~3 yrs before it becomes quiescent.

Romberg syndrome (hemifacial atrophy)

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and juvenile periodontitis, which affects both primary and secondary dentition. Normal dental development occurs until the appearance of the hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, then simultaneously an aggressive gingivitis and periodontitis begin. The mechanism is not well understood.

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome

Dental Caries definition, Classification of Dental Caries, Classification of cavity preparations-Dental Lecture note

Dental Caries Definition:

“Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, charecterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth , which often leads to cavitation” 

Dental caries are classified based on following factors.

1. Based on anatomical site

2. Based on progression

3. Based on virginity of lesion

4. Based on extend of caries

5. Based on tissue involvement

6. Based on pathway of caries spread

7. Based on number of tooth surface involved

8. Based on chronology

9. Based on whether caries is completely removed or not during treatment

10. Based on tooth surface to be    restored

11. Black’s classification

12. WHO system

Dental caries-Classification based on Anatomical Site

• Occlusal (Pit and Fissure caries)
• Smooth surface caries (Proximal and cervical caries)
• Linear enamel caries
• Root caries

Pit and Fissure caries

• Highest prevalence of all caries bacteria rapidly colonize the pits and fissures of the newly erupted teeth
• These early colonizers form a “bacterial plug” that remains in the site for long time ,perhaps even the life of the tooth 
• Type & nature of the organisms prevalent in the oral cavity determine the type of organisms colonizing the pit & fissure
• Numerous gram positive cocci, especially dominated by s.sanguis are found in the newly erupted teeth.
• The appearance of s.mutans in pits and fissures is usually followed by caries 6 to 24 months later (Window Period).
• Sealing of pits and fissures just after tooth eruption may be the most important event in their resistance to caries.
•  Shape, morphological variation and depth of pit and fissures contributes to their high susceptibility to caries.
• Caries expand as it penetrates in to the enamel.

Morphology of Fissures

NANGO (1960): Based on the alphabetical description of shape– 4 types

V&U type: self cleansing and somewhat caries resistant

U type: narrow slit like opening with a larger base as it extend towards DEJ .Caries susceptible; also have a number of different branches

K type: also very susceptible to caries

• Entry site may appear much smaller than actual lesion, making clinical diagnosis difficult.
• Carious lesion of pits and fissures develop from attack on their walls.
• In cross section, the gross appearance of pit and fissure lesion is inverted V with a narrow entrance and a progressively wider area of involvement closer to the DEJ.

 

Smooth surface caries

• Less favorable site for plaque attachment, usually attaches on the smooth surface that are near the gingiva or are under proximal contact.
• In very young patients the gingival papilla completely fills the interproximal space under a proximal contact and is termed as col. Also crevicular spaces in them are less favorable habitats for s.mutans.
• Consequently proximal caries is less lightly to develop where this favorable soft tissue architecture exists.
• The proximal surfaces are particularly susceptible to caries due to extra shelter provided to resident plaque owing to the proximal contact area immediately occlusal to plaque.
• Lesion have   a broad area of origin and a conical, or pointed extension towards DEJ.
• V shape with apex directed towards DEJ.
• After caries penetrate the DEJ softening of dentin spread rapidly and pulpally

Smooth surface caries Radiograph

Linear enamel caries

• Linear enamel caries (odontoclasia) is seen to occur in the region of the neonatal line of the maxillary anterior teeth.
• The line, which represents a metabolic defect such as hypocalcemia or trauma of birth, may predispose to caries, leading to gross destruction of the labial surface of the teeth.
• Morphological aspects of this type of caries are atypical and results in gross destruction of the labial surfaces incisor teeth

Root surface caries

• The proximal root surface, particularly near the cervical line, often is unaffected by the action of hygiene procedures, such as flossing, because it may have concave anatomic surface contours (fluting) and occasional roughness at the termination of the enamel.
• These conditions, when coupled with exposure to the oral environment (as a result of gingival recession), favor the formation of mature, caries-producing plaque and proximal root-surface caries.
• Root-surface caries is more common in older patients.

·      Caries originating on the root is alarming because

                                      1. It has a comparatively  rapid progression

                                      2. It is often asymptomatic

                                      3. It is closer to the pulp

                                      4, it is more difficult to restore

• The root surface is refer the enamel and readily allows plaque formation in the absence of good oral hygiene.
• The cementum covering the root surface is extremely thin and provides little resistance to caries attack.
• Root caries lesions have less well-defined margins, tend to be U-shaped in cross sections, and progress more rapidly because of the lack of protection from and enamel covering.

Root Suraface caries-Radiograph

 

Dental Caries-Classification based on Progression

• Acute caries
• Chronic caries
• Arrested caries

Acute caries

·         Acute caries is a rapid process involving a large number of teeth.

·         These lesions are lighter colored than the other types, being light brown or grey, and their caseous consistency makes the excavation difficult.

·         Pulp exposures and sensitive teeth are often observed in patients with acute caries.

·         It has been suggested that saliva does not easily penetrate the small opening to the carious lesion, so there are little opportunity for buffering or neutralization

Chronic caries

·         These lesions are usually of long-standing involvement, affect a fewer number of teeth, and are smaller than acute caries.

·         Pain is not a common feature because of protection afforded to the pulp by secondary dentin

·         The decalcified dentin is dark brown and leathery.

·         Pulp prognosis is hopeful in that the deepest of lesions usually requires only prophylactic capping and protective bases.

·         The lesions range in depth and include those that have just penetrated the enamel.

Arrested caries

·         Caries which becomes stationary or static and does not show any tendency for further progression

·         Both deciduous and permanent affected

·         With the shift in the oral conditions, even advanced lesions may become arrested.

·         Arrested caries involving dentin shows a marked brown pigmentation and indurations of the lesion [the so called ‘eburnation of dentin’]

·         Sclerosis of dentinal tubules and secondary dentin formation commonly occur

·         Exclusively seen in caries of occlusal surface with  large open cavity in which there is lack of food retention

·         Also on the proximal surfaces of tooth in cases in which the adjacent approximating tooth has been extracted

Dental Caries-Classification based on Virginity of the lesion

• Initial/Primary
• Recurrent/Secondary

Primary caries (initial)

·         A primary caries is one in which the lesion constitutes the initial attack on the tooth surface.

·         The designation of primary is based on the initial location of the lesion on the surface rather than the extent of damage.

Secondary caries  (recurrent)

·         This type of caries is observed around the edges and under restorations.

·         The common locations of secondary caries are the rough or overhanging margin and fracture place in all locations of the mouth.

·         It may be result of poor adaptation of a restoration, which allows for a marginal leakage, or it may be due to inadequate extension of the restoration.

·         In addition caries may remain if there has not been complete excavation of the original lesion, which later may appear as a residual or recurrent caries.

Dental Caries-Classification based on extent of the caries

• Incipient caries
• Occult caries
• Cavitation

Incipient caries

·         The early caries lesion, best seen on the smooth surface of teeth, is visible as a ‘white spot’.

·         Histologically the lesion has an apparently intact surface layer overlying subsurface demineralization.

·         Significantly may such lesion can undergo remineralization and thus the lesion per se is not an indication for restorative treatment

·         These white spot lesion may be confused initially with white developmental defects of enamel formation, which can be differentiated by their position away from the gingival margin], their shape [unrelated to plaque accumulation] and their symmetry [they usually affect the contra lateral tooth].

·         Also on wetting the caries lesion disappear while the developmental defect persist

·         It is believed that bite wing and OPG radiographs along with noninvasive adjuncts like fiber optic  transillumination (FOTI),laser luminescence, electrical resistance method (ERM) are used for diagnosis these occlusal lesions.

·         These lesions are not associated with microorganisms different to those found in other carious lesion.

·         These carious lesions seem to increase with increasing age.

·         Occult carious lesions are usually seen with low caries rate which is suggestive of increase fluid exposure.

·         It is believed that increased fluid exposure encourages remineralization and slow down progress of the caries in the pit and fissure enamel while the cavitations continues in dentine, and the lesions become masked by a relatively intact enamel surface.

·         These hidden lesions are called as fluoride bombs or fluoride syndrome.

·         Recently it is seen that occult caries may have its origin as pre-eruptive defects which are detectable only with the use of radiographs.

·         Once it reaches the dentinoenamel junction, the caries process has the potential to spread to the pulp along the dentinal tubules and also spread in lateral direction.

·         Thus some amount of sensitivity may be associated with this type of lesion.

·         This may be generally accompanied by cavitation

Dental Caries-Classification based on Tissue involvement

1. Initial caries
2. Superficial caries
3. Moderate caries
4. Deep caries
5. Deep complicated caries

Dental caries can be divided into 4 or 5 stages

1.       Initial caries: Demineralization  without structural defect. This stage can be reversed by fluoridation  and enhanced mouth hygiene

2.       Superficial caries (Caries superficialis):Enamel caries, wedge-shaped structural defect. Caries has affected the enamel layer, but has not yet penetrated the dentin.

3.       Moderate caries (Caries media): Dentin caries. Extensive structural defect. Caries has penetrated up to the dentin and spreads two-dimensionally beneath the enamel defect where the dentin offers little resistance.

4.       Deep caries (Caries profunda): Deep structural defect. Caries has penetrated up to the dentin layers of the tooth close to the pulp.

5.       Deep complicated caries (Caries profunda complicata) :Caries has led to the opening of the pulp cavity (pulpa aperta or open pulp).

Dental Caries-Classification based on pathway of caries spread

• Forward caries
• Backward caries

“Forward-backward” classification is considered as  graphical representation of the pathway of dental caries.

Enamel

• First component of enamel to be involved in carious process is the interprismatic substance. The disintegrating chemicals will proceed via the substance, causing the enamel prism to be undermined.
• The resultant caries involvement in enamel will have cone shape.

In concave surface (pit and fissures) base towards DEJ.

In convex surfaces (smooth surface) base away from DEJ.

Dentin

·         First component to be involved in dentin is protoplasmic extension within the dentinal tubules.

·         These protoplasmic extension have their maximum space at the DEJ, but as they approach the pulp chamber and root canal walls, the tubules become more densely arrange with fewer interconnections.

·         So caries cone in dentin will have their base towards DEJ.

·         Decay starts in enamel then it involves the dentin. Wherever the caries cone in enamel is larger or at least the size as that of dentin, it is called forward decay (pit decay)

·         However the carious process in dentin progresses much faster than in enamel, so the cone in dentin tends to spread laterally creating undermined enamel. In addition decay can attack enamel from its dentinal side. At this stage it becomes backward decay.

Dental Caries-Classification based on number of tooth surfaces involved

• Simple-A caries involving only one tooth surface
• Compound-A caries involving two surfaces of tooth
• Complex-A caries that involves more than two surfaces of a tooth

Dental Caries-Classification based on Chronology

• Early childhood caries
• Adolescent caries
• Adult caries

·         It has been stated that over a lifetime, caries incidence i.e. the number of new lesions occurring in a year, shows three peaks-at the ages 4-8,11-19 and 55-65 years

Early childhood caries

·         Early childhood caries would include two variants: Nursing caries and rampant caries.

·         The difference primarily exist in involvement of the teeth [mandibular incisors ] in the carious process in rampant caries as opposed to nursing caries.

Classification of early childhood caries

Type 1 (Mild)

·         Involves molars and incisors

·         Seen in 2-5 years

·         Cause-cariogenic semisolid food +lack of oral hygeine

Type 2 (Moderate)

·         Unaffected mandibular incisors

·         Soon after first tooth erupts

·         Cause-inappropriate feeding +lack of oral hygeine

Type 3 (Severe)

·         All teeth including mandibular incisors

·         Cause-multitude of factors

Synonyms

Nursing caries, Nursing bottle mouth, Nursing bottle syndrome, Bottle-Propping caries, comforter caries, Baby Bottle mouth, Nursing Mouth Decay, Baby bottle tooth decay, tooth cleaning neglect

New name-Maternally derived streptococcus mutant disease (MDSMD)

NURSING CARIES Seen in infant and  ·         toddler Affects primary dentition Mandibular incisors are    not involved Etiology Improper bottle   ·         feeding Pacifier dipped in honey/other sweetner

RAMPANT CARIES Seen in all ages, including adoloscennce Affects primary and ·         permanent dentition Mandibular incisors are   also affected Etiology ·         Multifactorial      Frequent snacks      Sticky refined CHO      Decreased salivary        flow       Genetic background

Teenage caries (adolescent caries)

·         This type of caries is a variant of rampant caries where the teeth generally considered immune to decay are involved.

·         The caries is also described to be of a rapidly burrowing type, with a small enamel opening.

·         The presence of  a large pulp chamber adds to the woes, causing early pulp involvement

Adult caries

·         With the recession of the gingiva and sometimes decreased salivary function due to atrophy, at the age of 55-60 years, the third peak of caries is observed.

·         Root caries and cervical caries are more commonly found in this group.

·         Sometime they are also associated with a partial denture clasp.

Dental caries Classification based on whether caries is completely removed or not during treatment

Residual caries

·         Residual caries is that which is not removed during a restorative procedure, either by accident, neglect or intention.

·         Sometimes a small amount of acutely carious dentin close to the pulp is covered with a specific capping material to stimulate dentin deposition, isolating caries from pulp.

·         The carious dentin can be removed at a later time.

Dental Caries-Classification based on surfaces to be restored

·         Most widespread clinical utilization

O      for occlusal surfaces

M      for mesial surfaces

D      for distal surfaces

F      for facial surfaces

B      for buccal surfaces

L       for lingual surface

Various combinations are also possible, such as MOD –for mesio-occluso-distal surfaces.

Dental Caries-Black’s classification

Class 1 lesions:

·         Lesions that begin in the structural defects of teeth such as pits, fissures and defective grooves.

Locations include

·         Occlusal surface of molars and premolars.

·         occlusal two thirds of buccal and lingual surfaces of molars and premolars.

·         Lingual surfaces of anterior tooth.

Class 2 lesions:

·         They are found on the proximal surfaces of the bicuspids and molars.

Class 3 lesions:

·         Lesions found on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do not involve or necessitate the removal of the incisal angle.

Class 4 lesions:

·         Lesions found on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that involve the incisal angle.

Class 5 lesions:

·         Lesions that are found at the gingival third of the facial and lingual surfaces of anterior and posterior teeth.

Class 6 (Simon’s modification):

·         Lesions involving cuspal tips and incisal edges of teeth.

Dental Caries-Classification World Health Organization (WHO) system

In this classification the shape and depth of the caries lesion scored on a four point scale

• D1. Clinically detectable enamel lesions with intact (non cavitated) surfaces
• D2. Clinically detectable cavities limited to enamel
• D3. Clinically detectable cavities in dentin
• D4. Lesions extending into the pulp

Radiation Caries

• Radiography is frequently associated with xerostomia due to decreased salivary secretion,an increase in viscosity and low P^H
• This and other causes of decreased salivary secretion may lead to a rampant form of caries, including the significance of saliva in preventing caries.

Three types of defects due to irradiation

1. Lesion usually encircling the neck of teeth amputation of crowns may occur
2. Begins as brown to black discolouration of tooth .occlusal surface and incisal edges wear away
3. Spot depression which spreads from any surface 

Classifications of cavity preparations

Based on treatment and restoration design (black’s)

Class 1 restoration:

·         include the structural defects of teeth such as pits, fissures and defective grooves.

·         Locations include

·         Occlusal surface of molars and premolars.

·         occlusal two thirds of buccal and lingual surfaces of molars and premolars.

·         Lingual surfaces of anterior tooth.

Class 2 restoration:

·         They are found on the proximal surfaces of the bicuspids and molars.

Class 3 restoration:

·         Restoration on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do not involve or necessitate the removal of the incisal angle.

Class 4 restoration:

·         Restoration on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that involve the incisal angle.

Class 5 restoration:

·         Restoration at the gingival third of the facial and lingual surfaces of anterior and posterior teeth.

Class 6 (Simon’s modification):

·         Restoration involving cuspal tips and incisal edges of teeth.

Other Modifications

Charbeneu’s modification:

a)   Class 2:-cavity on single proximal surface of bicuspids and molars

b)  Class 6:

        Cavities on both mesial and distal proximal surfaces of posterior teeth that will share a common occlusal isthmus

c)  Lingual surfaces of upper anterior teeth.

d)  Any other unusually located pit or fissure involved with decay.

Sturdevant’s classification

Cavity                                   Feature

Simple cavity-A cavity involving only one tooth surface

Compound cavity-A cavity involving two surfaces of tooth

Complex cavity-A cavity that involves more than two surfaces of a tooth

Finn’s modification of Black’s cavity preparation for primary teeth

·         Class1: Cavities involving the pits and fissures of molar teeth and the buccal and lingual pits of all teeth.

·         Class 2: cavities involving proximal surface of molar teeth will access established from the occlusal surface.

·         Class 3: cavities involving proximal surfaces of anterior teeth which may or may not involve a labial or a lingual extension

·         Class 4: a restoration of the proximal surface of an anterior tooth which involves the restoration of an incisal angle.

·         Class 5: cavities present on the cervical third of all teeth, including proximal surface where the           marginal ridge is not included in the cavity preparation

Baume’s classification

a). Pit and fissure cavities

b). Smooth surface cavities

Classification by Mount and Hume (1998)-G.J.Mount classification

·         This new system defines the extent and complexity of a cavity and at the same time encourages a conservative approach to the preservation of natural tooth structure.

·         This system is designed to utilize the healing capacity of enamel and dentine.

The three sites of carious lesions:

·         Site 1-Pits, fissures and enamel defects on occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth or other smooth surfaces

·         Site 2-Proximal enamel immediately below areas in contact with adjacent teeth

·         Site 3-The cervical one third of the crown or following gingival recession, the exposed root

The four sizes of carious lesions

Size1: Minimal involvement of dentin just beyond treatment by remineralization alone.

Size2: Moderate involvement of dentin. Following cavity   preparation, remaining enamel is sound, well supported by dentin and not likely to fail under normal            occlusal load. The remaining tooth structure is sufficiently strong to support the restoration.

Size 3: the cavity is enlarged beyond moderate. The remaining tooth structure is                           weakened to the extent that cups or incisal edges are split, or are likely to fail or left exposed to occlusal or incisal load. the cavity needs to be further enlarged so that the restoration can be designed to provide support and protection to the remaining tooth structure.

Size4: Extensive caries with bulk loss of tooth structure has already occurred.

Cure for the Cancer with Manioc-The story of Dr.Cynthia Jayasooriya

Dr.Cynthia Jayasooriya is a Sri Lankan Doctor, who led the pathway for the researchers to find new “Cure for the cancer”. Curiosity which made her to find a cure for her own disease might have opened the gates for the researcher to find a cure for the cancer. This is her story.

Dr.Cynthia Jayasooriya had a Cancer in her Urethra seven years ago, where her one Kidney, Urethra and Part of Bladder was surgically removed as a treatment. Then she had undergone radiotherapy for the abdominal region as the second part of the treatment. She had regular checkups in following years and she had a healthy normal life after that. After seven years of surgery she suddenly observed blood in her urine. Immediately she had undergone investigations, where they have found it was a secondary deposit of Urethral cancer which she had previously. But this time it was in the urinary bladder. Dr.Cynthia Jayasooriya had the second surgery to remove cancer form her bladder.

Her curiosity made her a researcher to search about a cure for this life threatening disease. Suddenly she came across a treatment where, eating Apricot Nut as a treatment for the cancer without chemotherapy by Americans and Australians. Apricot nut contains Vitamin B17. Vitamin B 17 was found by British Doctor who was working in Afghanistan several decades ago. In an area in Afghanistan people used to weigh the wealth by the number of Apricot trees they have in their garden. They used to chew and eat this Apricot nut as a habit and this British doctor observed people in this area are cancer free. That was decades ago.

It was difficult for Dr.Cynthia Jayasooriya to find Apricot in Sri Lanka. Then she searched whether there are any Fruits, vegetables or plant in Sri Lanka, which is rich in Vitamin B 17. She found that there is a high amount of Vitamin B17. Then she started eating Manioc every day. She used to eat around 100 grams every day for more than a month. At her appointment with her oncologist next month she had done a cytoscopy in the urinary bladder. Amazingly it was perfectly healthy. Then she had undergone a Biopsy. There they couldn’t even find a suitable site for the biopsy. Bladder was that much healthy.

She was very much enthusiastic with the results and she started to tell what she had achieved with “Manioc”. She repeated the test and every time it was perfectly healthy.

What is happening in the cells with Vitamin B17

• In a Normal cell cellular metabolism converts Vitamin B17 in to 3 Sugar molecules

•  In a Cancer cell where cells were less differentiated and enzymes act in a strange way than a normal cell, Vitamin B 17 converts into Sugar molecules+Benzaldehyde+HCN (Hydrocyanic Acid) which is toxic to the cell and destroys the cell.

If you do not prepare “Manioc” Properly to eat it could be Toxic and Life threatening some times.

How should you prepare “Manioc?”

1. Always choose fresh and undamaged “Manioc” not grayish and damaged.
2. When you boil “Manioc”, remember never to close the lid. Always keep it open.
3. Remember not to eat or drink ginger containing food and beverages at least 8 hours after you eat “Manioc”

After Dr.Cynthia had been recovered, she used to tell her story with her friends and few of her friends who were suffering from cancers, had good results with it.

• Mr.Perera who was suffering from Prostate cancer had PSA value of 280-290 earlier. After eating “Manioc” for more than month he could get the PSA to 5.89.

• Another friend of Dr.Cynthia Jayasooria who had a Liver cancer had a surgery to remove it. After few surgeries done in Sri Lanka they doctors have found in his MRI that still there remaining amount of cancer cell which should be removed surgically. He was advice to get a detailed MRI from India which is not available in Sri Lanka. During this time he used to get this “Manioc” treatment. At the MRI doctors have found that the cancer cells remain in same size during past year without increasing in amount.

Even though this article has not contained scientifically proven ideas, I hope it will help researchers to find a better cure for cancer.

Cure for the Cancer with “Manioc”(Cassava)

Cassava or Manioc

• Order: Malpighiales

• Family: Euphorbiaceae

• Subfamily: Crotonoideae

• Tribe: Manihoteae

• Genus: Manihot

• Species: Manihot esculenta

About Manioc (Cassava) 

The cassava root is long or tapered, with a firm; white color homogeneous flesh encased in a detachable rind, about 1mm thick, rough and brown on the outside. Cassava varieties can be 5 to 10 cm in average diameter at the top, and around 15 cm to 30 cm long.

The flesh can be chalk-white or yellowish

• Rich in starch,

• Calcium (50 mg/100g),

• Phosphorus (40 mg/100g) and

• Vitamin C (25 mg/100g)

• Poor in protein and other nutrients

• Cassava leaves are a good source of protein

• Rich in the amino acid lysine

• Deficient in methionine and possibly tryptophan

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), also called yuca or manioc, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. It differs from the similarly-spelled yucca, an unrelated fruit-bearing plant.

Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates for meals in the world. Nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava. Depending on the level of toxic cyanogenic glucosides, It is classified as sweet or bitter. (However, bitter taste is not always a reliable measure) Improper preparation of cassava can leave enough residual cyanide to cause acute cyanide intoxication and goiters, and has been linked to ataxia or partial paralysis. Nevertheless, farmers often prefer the bitter varieties because they deter pests, animals, and thieves. In some locations the more toxic varieties serve as a fall-back resource (a "food security crop") in times of famine.

Other Names For Cassava o Manioc

Cassava is sometimes spelled cassaba or cassada. In English-language publications, the plant may be occasionally called by local names, such as,

• Mandioca, aipim, or macaxeira (Brazil)

• Yuca (Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)

• Mandi´o (Paraguay)

• Akpu, ege , ugburu, iwa, nto-roro or ukuduk (Nigeria)

• Bankye (Ghana)

• Bananku (Mali and other parts of West Africa)

• Mogo or mihogo (Swahili-speaking Africa)

• Pondu in (Lingala-speaking Africa)

• Maravalli kilangu : மரவள்ளி கிழங்கு (Tamil)

• Kappa (Malayalam)

• Magngnokka : මඤ්ඤොක්කා (Sri Lanka)

• Singkong (Indonesia)

• Ubi kayu (Malaysia)

• Kamoteng kahoy or balanghoy (Philippines)

• Mushu (China)

• Man sampalang (Thailand)

• Karapendalam (Telegu)

• Củ sắn or khoai mì (Vietnam)

• Man thon (ມັນຕົ້ນ) (Laos)

• Manioke , tapioka or manioka (Polynesia).

Source: http://www.vidusara.com/2011/08/10/viduindex.htm

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